Non Observance Of Grices Maxims

Non Observance Of Grices MaximsGrice pointed proscribed that not completely people travel along the sayings, when the speaker fails to observe the pr all overbs, this means that in that location is a preeminence between what the speaker says and what he means, in other words, an implicature arises as a result of non- watching of the maxims, and the implicature here plays a great role to get the intended import of the speakers utterance.Grice distinguished five types by which the speaker fails to observe a maxim they are fltabooing, violating, Infringing, opting out, and suspending.1. Flouting a MaximThe speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim in which he has no intention of deceiving or depraveing. The speaker wishes to raise the hearers attention to the implicit meaning which is different from, or in addition to, the express meaning. According to Grice this additional meaning is called Conversational implicature and the way by which such implicature is generated is call ed flouting a Maxim (Grice, 197571).If the addressor and the addressee have shared the same background knowledge, the knowledge of meter reading is not the roles of linguistic forms but the knowledge of the world, then the implicature entrust accomplish (Couthared, 19878).1.1 Flouting the maxim of quantityWhen the speaker blatantly gives more or less learning that the situation requires, the speaker usually flouts this maxim because s/he uses insufficient words in dialogue. In other words, the speaker gives incomplete words when s/he is speaking (Leech, 1983140).For lawsuit Women are womenThis utterance from the level of what is said is non informative, but it is informative at the level of what is implicated, and the hearers intention to such utterance depends on the ability to explain the speakers selection of this particular speech. The functions of flouting the quantity maxim are Irony, Metaphor, Meiosis, Hyperbole, etc. (Grice, 197552- 53).1.2 Flouting the maxim of quality In position not to get most punishments from addressee, addressor intends to say something untrue or lies and denies something. The speaker misrepresents his information in order to make the hearer understand the intended meaning of an utterance (Levin give-and-take, 1983110).Example individual says to Xs wife, She is deceiving him this evening.From the context of the sentence, or from the tone or section, it seems to be that the speaker has no adequate reason for supposing this to be the quality, or possibly that she is the sort of person who would not stop short of such conduct (Grice, 197553-54).1.3 Flouting the Maxim of relationThe participant flouts this maxim in such a way makes the conversation unmatched, the participants topics are mouth in different ways in this miscue the participant leave behind change the topic by means of irrelevance topic of the partner of the conversation (Levinson, 1983111).Example A Mrs. X is an old bagB The weather has been quite delightful this summer, hasnt it?B has blatantly ref utilise to make what he says relevant to As preceding remark. He implicated that As remark should not to be discussed more specifically perhaps, A has committed a social gate (Grice, 197554).1.4 Flouting the maxim of mannerWhen the speaker says questionable language or uses another language which makes the utterance incomprehensible by addressee, this is the case of flouting the maxim of manner. Moreover, if the addressor uses slang or his voice is not loud enough s/he go away flouts this maxim (Levinson, 1983104).An example was given by Thomas (199571)Interviewer Did the United States Government play all part in Duvaliers Departure? Did they, for example, actively encourage him to leave?Official I would not try to steer you away from that conclusion.In the above example the prescribed response is extremely long and convoluted and it is obviously no accident, nor through any inability to speak clearly, therefore, he has failed to observ e the maxim of manner. The official has replied Yes.2. Violating the maximsAccording to Grice (197549) the speaker violates a maxim when s/he will be liable to mislead the hearer to have such implicature. The speaker by choice tries to make his utterance overt or to be noticed. This makes the hearer infers an implicature(Murray,2007).In the real life situations, many people tend to tell untruth and break the maxims of Grices co-op belief when they communicate, they even do multiple violations for lying purposes(Gice,197545).People in real life tend to tell lies for different reasons hide the truth, save face, scent jealous, satisfying the hearer, cheer the hearer, building ones belief, avoid hurting the hearer, and convincing the hearer. They believe that a lying is the natural tool to survive and to avoid them from anything that may gravel them in an inappropriate condition (Tupan Natalia, 200864-66).The talk of the non-observance of the four maxims is the same whether these maxims located in flouting, violating, and other non-observance, but the difference is in the kind of non-observance, therefore, in the pursuit, the examples will be adequate to expatiate how speaker violates a maxim.2.1 Violating the maxim of quantityThe following example is a conversation between two friends throne and microphoneJohn Where have you been? I searched everywhere for you during the past three monthsMike I wasnt around. So, whats the big deal?John poses a question, which he needs to be answered by Mike. What Mike says in return does not lack the truth, however is still insufficient. This can be due to the fact that Mike prefers to refrain from providing John with the answer. Johns sentence implies that Mike has not been around otherwise, he did not have to search everywhere. John does not say as much as it is required to make his contribution cooperative. Therefore, John violated quantity maxim (Khosravizadeh Sadehvandi, 2011123).2.2 Violating the maxim of quality The following example is a conversation between mother and her sonMother Did you study all day long?Son who has been playing all day long Ive been studying till knowIn this conversation, the boy is not truthful and he violates the maxim of quality. He lied to avoid unpleasant consequences such as, punishment or to be forced to study for the equalizer of the day (Ibid 122-123).2.3 Violating the maxim of relationThe following is an example of conversation between a teacher and one of his studentsTeacher Why didnt you do your homework? learner May I go and get some water? Im so thirsty.In this example the students answer is by no means irrelevant to the teachers question. star reason for this answer can be the fact that the student is trying to evade the interrogation posed by the teacher (Ibid 123).2.4 Violating the maxim of mannerThe following is an example of conversation between two friends Sara and AnnaSara Did you enjoy the party last night?Anna There was plenty of oriental fo od on the table, lots of flowers all over the place, people hanging around chatting with each otherSara asked a very simple question, however what she receives from Anna is a protracted description of what was going on in the party. Two interpretations can be made from Annas description 1.Anna had such a good time and2. She does not know how to complain about it. Anna is ambiguous therefore, she violated the maxim of manner (Ibid 123).3. Infringing the maximsWhen the speaker has an imperfect knowledge or performance of language, the speaker here infringes the maxims like a young child or a learner of foreign language who has imperfect command of the language. Furthermore nervousness, darkness, excitement may make impairment of the speakers performance, in these cases s/he does the irreverence (Thomas, 199574).Sometimes speaker infringes the maxims because he is incapable to speak clearly, he does not know the culture or he has not enough knowledge of language.For example someone l earning side as a second language speaks to a native speaker. face speaker Would you like ham or salad on your organise?Non-side speaker YesThe implicature has not been generated by interlocutor s/he has not understood the utterance. The answer might be interpreted as non-operative this is a case of different social knowledge which implied a different implicature (Dornerus, 20067).The difference between violating and infringing located in the fact of speakers intention in violating the speaker is liable to mislead the hearer, whereas in infringing the speaker unintentionally fails to observe a maxim. Violating is a kind of misleading the hearer to get implicatures, the speaker here intends to mislead in order to save face or avoid hurting the audiences. Infringement occurs when a speaker fails to observe the maxim because he has no perfect knowledge to communicate.4. Opting out the maximsWhen the speaker opts out from the maxim, s/he seems unwilling to cooperate in the way the maxi m requires (Grice, 197571). Moreover, Thomas (199574) said that the example of opting out occurs frequently in public life, when the speaker cannot, perhaps for legal or ethical reason, reply in the way normally expected. The speaker usually wishes to avoid generating a spurious implicature or appearing uncooperative. Thomas also stated that giving the requested information might hurt a third party or puke them in danger.For example If a doctor or a nurse, who has complete confidentiality regarding his/her patients, is asked by the police or the press to reveal something about the patient that s/he is treating, he /she will replyA I am sorry but cant tell you anything.The doctor or nurse opted out maxim when s/he prevented from answering the doctor seems to be unwilling to cooperate, due to the procedures of the hospital or for the sake of secret information or something else. (Dornerus, 20067).5. Suspending the MaximsIf there is no expectation on the part of any participant that the maxims will be fulfilled (hence the non-fulfillment does not generate any implicatures), the speakers do not observe the maxims. It may be culturally-specific to a particular event. The suspending of the maxim of quality can be found in funeral orations and obituaries, when the description of the deceased needs to be applaudable and exclude any potentially unfavorable aspects of their life or personality. Poetry suspends the manner maxim since it does not aim for conciseness, clarity and lack of ambiguity. In the case of telegrams, telexes and some international phone calls quantity maxim will be suspended because such means are functional owing to their very transience .It is difficult to find any persuasive examples in which the maxim of relation is suspended (Thomas, 199576-78).2. Methodology2.1 Research questionsGrice in 1975 developed the idea of cooperative principle he has claimed that the speakers should observe the maxims to achieve the aim of communication. The study aims to analyze English proverbs from the perspective of cooperative principle. This study intends to answer the following three questions1. Are the English proverbs constructed by observance or non-observance of Grices maxims?2. Which maxim failed to be observed more than others, and why?3. Which kind of non-observance is used to construct English proverbs more than others, and why?2.2 entropy collectionThere are various sources of English proverbs and there are thousands of English proverbs around the world, these sources can not be absorbed in this thesis, therefore, The summary Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs will be the only approved source for this study. This dictionary edited by John Simpson and Jennifer Speake in 1998. This invaluable work of reference provides over 1000 of the best known English proverbs from around the world and commonly used in 20th century Britain. Proverbs in this dictionary arranged alphabetically by the first significant word, each one includes illu strative quotations, beginning with the earliest known use. The choice of proverbs in English language to be a data in this study is based on several reasons firstly, English is a native language for people in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Secondly, English became the second language in many countries around the world. Thirdly, English language is taught as a foreign language in the universities, primary and secondary schools in most countries in Asia, Africa. English become a language of communication in broadcast, diplomacy working, and journalism. The dirty proverbs (if found) will be excluded from the study.2.3 Research proceduresThis thesis is an probe of English proverbs based on the theory of the Cooperative Principle the non-observance of Grices maxims will be a framework to analyze the collected data. Qualitative and quantitative approaches will be adopted in this study. Qualitative study will be done to explore the observance and non-observance of Gric es maxims. Quantitative study will be used to measure the frequency of observance and non-observance laid in the English proverbs and to promote the results.3. Results and DiscussionThe following are one hundred of English proverbs chosen to illustrate the procedures followed in this study. The data will classify into groups according to the significant words shared by each group. Both qualitative and quantitative study will adopt3.1 The result of quantitative studyThe quantitative study reveals that the most of groups of English proverbs do not observe the Grices maxims (non-observance), the study shows that 87% of proverbs are flouted, miss 13% observed Grices maxims. They are as followsThe maxim of quality is flouted (40) times, and gains 40%The maxim of manner is flouted (32) times, and gains 32%The maxim of quantity is flouted (15%) time, and gains 15%The result showed no flouting in the maxim of relation.The result shows that flouting is the only kind of non-observance that u sed to construct English proverbs it gains 87% from the total of proverbs, the results reveals that the maxim of quality gains a high lot of flouting it gains 40% this percentage shows that the non-observance of these maxims is contributes in creating the function of proverbs. The maxim of manner gains the second percentage 32%, the lowest percentage of flouting is gains 15% which break the maxim of quantity. The observance of Grices maxim gains the lowest percentage 13% which states that a few numbers of English proverbs can achieve the function of proverbs. The following table shows the details of frequencies and percentages of English proverbs for each group