Article Analysis On the Contradictions of the New...

Summary: what is a main concept in the case or article? The main concept of the article is to explain why the New International Financial Architecture (NIFA) was created and who is being benefited from this approach. The discussion begins with an examination of the power structures of the global political economy by focusing on the continued dominance of the USA. The article presents the contradictory relations between USA and global finance will be explored so as to shed more critical light on the NIFA. This article critically examines the NIFA by linking its institutional components to the larger contradictions of the capitalist inter-state system. A contradiction is the constant promotion of financial liberalization in emerging†¦show more content†¦In order to prevent the current crisis from deepening, immediate actions are required from the major industrial countries and from the international community. There is evidence that the world economy is experiencing a major slowdown, which may deepen if inadequately managed. For e xample, Japan is in its worst recession since the war, much of East and South-East Asia is in depression, Russia is experiencing a major downturn, growth has stalled in Latin America, and the prices of primary commodities and a number of manufactures are falling in international markets. Authorities in the industrial countries must nonetheless continue to be alert. Several downside risks still remain, and current policies may prove insufficient to prevent the world economy from slipping into recession. Expansionary fiscal policies may be required in other industrial economies, in addition to Japan. It is also crucial that the rules of an open international trading system should operate smoothly, allowing the economies that face adjustment to reduce their deficits or generate trade surpluses with the more vigorous industrial economies. With the full support of the international community, IMF should put together contingency funds to assist countries now experiencing crisis or contagion and others that could become the victims of world financial crisis in the future. These include countries that may be affected indirectly by the

Essay on Ethics in Nursing - 1587 Words

Health amp; Healing 2 Scholarly Assignment Nurses are to provide compassionate, competent, and ethical care, and follow the moral principles and guidelines set out by the College of Nurses and the Canadian Nurse’s Association’s code of ethics. The nursing profession is a self-sacrificing one, and nurses take on the Nightingale Pledge, to elevate the standard of their practice and dedicate themselves to those committed in their care (Keatings amp; Smith, 2010, p. 64) However unfavourable working conditions, inadequate patient to nurse ratios, and intensive job-related stress can lead to poor performance of daily routines, and adversely patient safety (Ozata et al., 2013). In the situation regarding Mr. Gurt who suffers from†¦show more content†¦Mr. Gurt is emaciated which may be in part to dysphasia, tremors, still muscles, and slow movements among other symptoms of Parkinson’s (Wilk amp; Newmaster, 2013, p. 288). As well, Mr. Gurt’s weight is evidence that he is not receiving the nutritional intake his body’s immune system requires to create the proteins and blood cells (macrophages the body’s first line of defence), needed to attack and repair his wounds, and prevent the risk for infection (Raman-Wilms, 2013). The nurse’s blatant disregard to weigh Mr. Gurt puts him at greater risk for infection and is a form of negligence. Negligence in nursing can be unintentional, however it is important to understand the effects this has on health professionals practicing in Ontario. A registered nurse is responsible to follow the standard of care when performing nursing acts under autonomy within their scope of practise (College of Nurses, 2004) (CNO, 2004). Standard of Care is the legal benchmark against which a person’s conduct is measured to determine whether a person has been negligent and whether the person’s conduct or actions in a given situation have met those expected of a competent health care professional (Keatings amp; Smith, 2010). The College of Nurses is the governing body for registered nurses that protect the public through regulating the nursing profession (CNO, 2014). AShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Nursing Ethics1540 Words   |  7 Pagesand respirators are terms typically appalling and scary to society. In the nursing profession, it is often that nurses will deal with these two appalling terms. A case involving these two terms has been analyzed in regards to nursing ethics. Nursing ethics involves several different complex ideas and with the aid of the four way method one is able to analyze and make a decision in regards to controversial and difficult nursing situations. The four way method helped analyze a fourteen year old boys,Read MoreNursing Ethics1477 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Ethics Why am I here? As a nurse, the cornerstone of my vocation is that of healing and comforting. As a human being first and as a nurse, I have always had a burning desire to perfect nature. This, I have shared with other scientists who have gone great lengths in their methodical pursuit of useful knowledge to make their dreams real. I have always endeavored to shield scientific inquiry from utilitarian purposes (Presidents Council on Bio-Ethics, 2009). Personal values and culture Read MoreThe Ethics Of The Nursing1409 Words   |  6 PagesAnother principle that is applicable here is the non-maleficence. It refers to the act of doing no harm to the patient and is central to the nursing ethics (Corvol et al., 2012). Non-maleficence in bioethics supports that the primary purpose of the healthcare workers is to not create further distress or harm (Butts Rich, 2015). In this case scenario, the act of restraining and holding the Tim caused distress to him. On top of that, the breaking of the needle caused injury to the patient resultingRead MoreNursing ethics2164 Words   |  9 PagesFor the purpose of this assignment, ethics in relation to nursing will be discussed. Ethics; A code of principles governing correct behaviour, which in the nursing profession includes behaviour towards patients and their families, visitorsand colleagues (Oxford Dictionary of Nursing 2004). This assignment will consider autonomy as identified in a practice placement, but will also look briefly at the ethical principle of non-malefience that is relevant in this assignment. It will also closely lookRead MoreNursing Ethics4846 Words   |  20 PagesTeaching Clinical Ethics Using a Case Study: Family Presence During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Ainslie T. Nibert Crit Care Nurse 2005;25:38-44  © 2005 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Published online http://www.cconline.org Personal use only. For copyright permission information: http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?link_type=PERMISSIONDIRECT Subscription Information http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/subscriptions/ Information for authors http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/misc/iforaRead MoreEthics in Nursing2589 Words   |  10 PagesEthics in Nursing Ethical principles Respect for Autonomy Autonomy is the concept of making a rational decision that is informed and un-coerced. Respect for autonomy is whereby the patient is allowed to act in any way they would like. It means that the patient has the capacity to act in their own intention with their own understanding and without the control of any influences that would prevent them from taking a voluntary and free action ADDIN EN.CITE Hickman20081382(Hickman, Cartwright, YoungRead More Nursing Ethics Essay838 Words   |  4 Pageswhen deterioration of health has become irreversible. A traditional ideal of nursing is caring and nurturing of human beings regardless of race, religion, status, age, gender, diagnosis, or any other grounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nursing care is based on the development of a helping relationship and the implementation and evaluation of therapeutic processes. Therapeutic process includes health promotion, education, counseling, nursing interventions and empowerment of individuals, families or groups. It helps individualsRead MoreEthics: Nursing and Abortion1645 Words   |  7 PagesDupin, Jenifer June 8, 2013 Ethics/ Research Proposal The Ethics for Nurses in Abortion Procedures Working in the field of abortion isn’t an easy task furthermore participating in the abortion procedures. But the field of nursing you have to follow a code of ethics, a set of rules and regulation. Nurses have their personal opinions about abortion, but because they are health professionals and their opinions are sought as such, they are obligated to understand why they hold certain views. NursesRead MoreCode of Ethics - Nursing1475 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral norms which nurses are expected to adhere to and embrace. In a nursing profession, daily decisions have real impact on other people’s lives. The responsibility of such decisions creates the need for nurses to have knowledge and skills that enable them to not only provide physical and psychological care, but also to critique and reflect on the standard of health care practices. For the nurses to do this, they must understand ethics and ways in which to utilize this knowledge in a constructive andRead MoreThe Nursi ng Code Of Ethics Essay839 Words   |  4 Pagescareers have a specific code and level of ethics which are incorporated into the daily responsibilities one is expected to perform in their chosen field. For the basis of this paper, I have chosen to write about the nursing code of ethics. Nursing has a professional code of ethics along with the level/employee behavior usually being currently attainable, meaning that the behavior expected is normally exhibited by individuals. (Manias 508). However, although nursing seems to require behavior that is â€Å"normally†

Vegetable Production Free Essays

Vegetable Production – Not just planting a few seeds! The production of vegetables is very important in today’s society as we try to promote healthy living. Vegetables provide a major component to achieving a balanced and nutritious diet as they are a prime, convenient and natural source of minerals, vitamins, fibre and energy and are known not only to introduce essential nutrients to the diet but also to help to prevent diseases. Making vegetables available, through production, distribution and marketing, contributes strongly to their consumption and therefore also contributes to a healthier society. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetable Production or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are different approaches into how vegetables can be produced and grown and it depends entirely on the farmer, their approach to farming, and of course the resources available such as; machinery, technology, amenities and the acreage of land available for such a project. There are two general approaches to vegetable production that you must consider if you were to toy with the idea of growing some vegetables whether it be for your own consumption or maybe to supply the nation. These two general approaches are often described as; conventional farming or organic farming. Generally the conventional method involves the use of synthetic pesticides which may or may not be based on naturally occurring compounds to protect crops from diseases, pests and weeds. Crops which are genetically modified to resist or tolerate diseases, pests etc can also be used in this method of farming as a strategy for protecting crops. Crop nutrient management in conventional systems typically involves the application of synthetic fertilizers which can be tailored to meet the needs of specific combinations of vegetables and also include other factors such as soil, climate, water source availability etc. Organic vegetable farming on the other hand relies strongly on cultural mechanical practises and biological principles for weed, pest, disease and nutrient management. It’s aim is to produce quality food in a manner beneficial to the environment and to wildlife. In order for a farmer to produce organic vegetables strict regulations and standards must be adhered to before the organic stamp can be used. This includes a restriction on the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides for crop management. Crop nutrients, pests and disease can be managed by using a variety of systems such as crop rotation, biological pest control, echanical cultivation or the application of organic amendments to the soil such as manure or compost. Natural pesticides and fertilizers may be used but these are subject to strict standards. Straw or plastic mulch can also be used to help suppress weeds, control pest access to crop, moderate soil temperature and prevent water loss from soil. Organic farmer s must be more careful in their plant selection and rely much more heavily on research and information to schedule planting and harvesting practises. This is both in order to sustain the organic approach and also to produce healthier hardier plants through plant breeding as opposed to the genetic engineering methods employed in the conventional method. While both approaches to vegetable production must adhere to national and European regulations in Ireland it is obvious that the organic farmer faces a higher challenge to produce a consistent quantity and quality of vegetables. It seems that if you were to take a stroll down the organic route to production you may need to prepare yourself for some extra work! The approach of conventional or organic farming is essential to determining the other factors which must be considered for vegetable production. After deciding which type of approach you intend to follow to produce vegetables it is then necessary that you consider many other factors. The effect of the natural environment on the production of vegetables can be instrumental in determining the final yield of the farm from year to year. Vegetables can be produced in open fields, semi-enclosed or climate controlled structures or fully enclosed and climate controlled structures. Farms which grow crops in open fields such as potaotoes are limited in their control of such factors and their crops are fully exposed to weather, soil, pests and disease conditions. Fertilization, pest and disease strategies must be employed in order to manage crops and depending on the climate irrigation systems etc may also need to be put in place (not usually a problem in Ireland). Other farmers grow their crops such as tomatoes in semi-enclosed and climate controlled structures such as high tunnels. These high tunnels can extend the vegetable growing season for instance vegetables can be grown when conditions outside the tunnel may not allow this because the high tunnel can limit the exposure of the vegetables to undesirable natural conditions and can sometimes even create conditions more supportive for vegetable growth. For example; placing growing crops within a high tunnel covered by a single layer of plastic shields them from the wind, rain and some pests and can support temperatures higher than that outside the tunnel. Greenhouses are an example of a fully enclosed and climate controlled environment and apart from the enclosed housing and climate control differ from open fields and semi-controlled structures as the vegetables are generally not rooted in naturally occurring soil and are often grown in pots or other containers which provide firm physical boundaries. Of course deciding how you wish to grow your vegetables may be entirely decided by the type of vegetables you wish to grow and depending on the amount and type of land available it may be possible to use only one or maybe all three methods. All of these methods can be used in order to produce certain vegetables all year round where spring and summer conditions may suit the open fields and high tunnel but greenhouses would be needed to produce vegetables in the winter. It evident so that first you must choose your approach to vegetable production, then decide which vegetable or vegetables you wish to produce and then of course decide how you wish to grow your crops whether it be in an open field or in large greenhouses etc. Careful planning and execution in key areas such as site selection, site preparation, planting, management during crop growth and development, harvesting and then distribution to whatever market your produce is destined for is paramount in having a successful and high quality producing vegetable farm. If you are blessed to have a choice of site then the type of soil, the size of the site, the total cost of the site (including tax, land, utilities), access to water, proximity to suppliers, industry etc must all be considered. The site then needs to be prepared for the type of vegetable production you wish to approach. For example in the case of open field; ploughing, dicing or other tillage is needed before planting. If using enclosed or climate structures these need to be assembled efficiently and appropriately according to the type of vegetable or vegetables being produced. Steps are then needed to prepare soil either with fertilizers or green manure and also to minimise weeds, pests and diseases either with pesticides or with the use of cultivation or mulches etc. Planting then needs to take place and depending n the size of the farm this can take place by hand or with machinery generally with each plant spaced a certain distant apart within rows and across rows depending on the type of crop. During the development of the crop a system needs to be put into place to manage the irrigation, fertilisation, weed, pest disease control and growth of the crop to ensure the crop develops successfully with as l ittle loss or waste as possible. A schedule for harvesting has to be organised and should be followed as closely as possible weather permitting, which unfortunately is not always an allowance in Ireland. Crops can be harvested by machine or by hand and keeping them free of abiotic and biotic contaminants during harvesting is important to ensure quality losses are minimised. Once harvested, it is then necessary to place crops into containers and have them distributed to whichever market they are destined. During all of this hard work it is also necessary to keep records of crop, facility and equipment repair and also to continue your own education as research and new ideas in this industry are always being developed. Evidently if you decide to become a vegetable farmer you don’t just throw a few seeds around in the back field and off you go. Education, preparation and alot of hard work are necessary in order to become successful in this type of farming. You must also consider the marketability of the vegetables you wish to grow and whether they are suited and will develop and grow well in the natural environment supplied to you. Also strict standards are in place for the appearance, shape, dimensions, weight, chemical properties etc of vegetables which can create extra burden and problems for farmers so preparing well and following schedules and procedures will lead to you being a happier more financially secure vegetable producer. Growing vegetables could be a rewarding challenging adventure if you prepare and educate yourself well considering all your options and what is available to you. Then with a bit of elbow grease and hard work you may find that you are producing vegetables which not only benefits society but also may benefit you and increase your bank balance! How to cite Vegetable Production, Essay examples

Cyrano de Bergerac Cant Blow any louder Essay Example For Students

Cyrano de Bergerac: Cant Blow any louder Essay Cyrano tries to be more than he is. From Cyranos first scene to his last the reader gets an impression that Cyrano is trying to be more than he is, and trying to do more than he can. Even though, in the long run he ends up doing these things well, the reader still gets an impression that hes trying to boast about his abilities and, blow his own trumpet. Although many times the reader gets an impression that he isnt doing it on purpose and thats just his character, many of his other actions are quite blatantly boastful. In his very first scene, in the Theatre house, Cyrano barges in on the play and insults immediately uses his ready wit to insult Montfluery and close the play. He then unafraid unlike another person challenges the crowd! Whatever it was a sign of it showed that he was brave and Proud of his abilities as a swordsman. Obviously he is brave, but an angry French crowd can be a large thing to handle, but in not showing fear himself he instilled fear in the heart of the crow d. Although this was an action of courage it was really unnecessary. It may have made him admirable in the eyes of some people, but it also made him look haughty in the eyes of other people. This is how he makes so many enemies, and makes so many people jealous of him. Later on in the scene, insulting an important and powerful man like Valvert was another thing that looked haughty, and moreover although it takes a lot of skill to fight and make up a ballade at the same time it may be classified as an act of over-pride. Who hates to have enemies? Not Cyrano!! Cyrano in his first duet, talking to Le Bret, they discuss the events that just happened when Le Bret comments on how many enemies he must have made, when Cyrano replies, Enough. You make me happy. Very few people like to have enemies and Cyrano is one of them. Cyrano likes to fight. He has a very bellicose personality. Also when hes about to leave to fight the hundred men ready to kill Lignere he says I feel too strong to war w ith mortalsBRING ME GIANTS. What this shows is, he thinks hes too good a swordsman, which is another act of pure pride. Another scene where his love for enemies is shown is when once again he is talking with Le Bret and he says, It is my pleasure to displease. I love Hatred. Imagine how it feels to faceThe volley of a thousand angry eyes From these statements Cyranos bellicose self really shows and this constant enemy making of his eventually leads to his death. De Guiche is in a higher position of power than Cyrano. And that is a big thing and demands a lot of respect. Cyrano is a knowledgeable man and despite knowing this speaks to De Guiche like he would to anybody else- disrespectfully. This can characterize Cyrano as insolent because he knowingly disrespects De Guiche, once again probably because he likes to fight, or he thinks it makes him look good in the eyes of the watching people. Thus he makes himself a very powerful enemy. Another thing he has pride in, is his poetry. When De Guiche suggests to Cyrano that he should show his poetry to the Cardinal, which may increase its popularity, Cyrano says that his blood curdles at the thought of him changing a single comma. Now Cyrano is a man in desperate need of money. Doing such a thin g would improve his financial position. And Cyrano does realize this too. But his pride has gone too far to turn back and he doesnt like the thought of someone else changing his own poetry, or having to live off the patronage of someone else. Cyrano also seems to think that the way he does things is right. It isnt wrong to think so, but others need not be wrong either. When De Guiche tells the Cadets the little story about his white scarf, Cyrano deprecates his tactic saying that it was a cowardly tactic. As the ages went on bravery became less important in battle. It changed from survival of the fittest to survival of the smartest. And De Guiches move indeed portrayed presence of mind. But Cyrano, who is still stuck with the days of old when sneakiness played no part in battle, finds De Guiches move cowardly and says that he wouldnt have done what De Guiche had done. When De Guiche correctly accuses him of boasting Cyrano also shows off the scarf, which he had by the way found. Aga in and Again Cyrano stuns his superiors and this time he does what De Guiche thought was impossible. And once again his actions make him more admirable in some eyes, but boastfully insolent in others. Another example of Cyrano thinking that his way is the right way is early in the play. The very first major thing that Cyrano does in the play is close the play in the first seen, just because of a personal grudge against an actor. He closes the play by insulting and threatening Montfluery and sending him off-stage and then paying the owners for the loss. Cyrano thinks that closing the play in which he had done, was very exquisite. Its one thing to ruin peoples holidays and a whole another thing to be proud of it! Lastly something else that clues us in on Cyranos pride is when Le Bret asks him if he weeps when Cyrano replies quickly that tears are too grotesque for him and also says, Never any tears for me. Even though Cyrano does weep, he says this to keep himself looking tall in the eyes of his friend. He doesnt want him to look at him as a weak hearted man. Therefore in order to make himself look more admirable, he says that he just isnt the type that cries. Finally, Cyranos most obvious physical flaw is his abnormally large nose. Any body would have been ashamed of such a thing, but Cyrano isnt. In his duet with the meddler he talks great things about his nose, and also says, A great nose indicates a great man. Cyrano is proud of his nose, but his pride in this matter goes all the way downhill when it comes to Roxanne, because hes very afraid that she may laugh at it. Cyrano likes to make himself look admirable and he says so to Le Bret. Everyone likes to, and would love to be admired. But different people have different approaches to getting there. In Cyranos case he likes to do it in the blowing my trumpet way. And this also leads to him having many enemies, and eventually his downfall. It is possible that Roxanne didnt love him in the first place because s he thought him too proud. So overall this haughty, proud, and Im right, you are wrong attitude of Cyrano has caused him a lot of bad, and being different may have made his life probably a lot different than it turned out.

Amber Mileski Essays (694 words) - Hispanidad, Spanish Diaspora

Amber Mileski Essays (694 words) - Hispanidad, Spanish Diaspora Amber Mileski Intro Interpersonal Communication Professor Pantinas 23 February 2017 Intercultural Experience I have neighbors down the road that are Hispanic, I am not familiar with that culture at all. Yes, I know people who are Hispanic but, that doesn't mean I know their culture. My neighbor's daughter rides the bus with my daughter. The first step I took to improve my intercultural experience was going down to my neighbor's house and asking to speak with them for a little bit. I explained that I was interested in learning about their culture and wanted a better understanding of their everyday lives. The term Hispanic was first adopted by the United States government in the early 1970s, and has since been used in local and federal employment, mass media, academia, and business market research. It has been used in the U.S. Census since 1980. Because of the popularity of "Latino" in the western portion of the United States, the government adopted this term as well in 1997, and used it in the 2000 census. Religion plays a significant role in day-to-day life. More than 90 percent of the Spanish-speaking world is Roman Catholic. The first thing they started talking about was their cultural events. A couple of events they brought up was Day of the Dead , Hispanic Thanksgiving , and Cinco de Mayo. Celebrate Day of the Dead is one of the most mystical Hispanic holidays. It is a special occasion to celebrate life and to reunite with our deceased ones who are allowed to visit us on this day. Hispanic Thanksgiving is amongst Latinos in the U.S. is a celebration en Familia, like it is for many American families. They mix many of our foods with theirs to celebrate the holiday. Cinco de Mayo celebration includes eating Mexican food, toasting with margaritas, listening to Mariachis etc. Mr. Hernandez is my neighbor. He said when his daughter gets to a certain age they will throw her a Quinceanera. It's a celebration of a young girls coming of age- on her 15 th birthday. He said when they have a party, it's a very big party. Mr. Hernandez is from Albuquerque, New Mexico, the rest of his family is from here in the United States. After he had finished telling me about his cultural events, he went on to tell me some of his history and art from back home. A prime example of Hispanic influence is found at historic Old Town, where adobe buildings surround a central plaza, a common feature of Spanish colonial towns . Another one of the long-held Hispanic traditions is setting up luminaires sometimes called farolitos, on Christmas Eve in Old Town Plaza followed by midnight mass at San Felipe de Neri Church. A traditional luminaria is a brown paper bag, weighted by sand, with a lit votive candle inside. If you visit Albuquerque in December, don't miss the Luminaria Tour on Christmas Eve where hundreds of people wander through the golden glow of thousands of twinkling paper lanterns in Old Town and the surrounding neighborhoods. Another major contribution of Hispanic culture and customs to our city is in a wide variety of arts and crafts . M any artworks were created primarily for the church. Santos, or sacred images of Roman Catholicism, are one of the most popular and enduring Hispanic art forms. When listening to music or enjoying dance performances in Albuquerque, you'll often find an unmistakable Hispanic and Latino influence. You'll find plenty of salsa, mariachi, flamenco and Spanish classical performances throughout the city. Mr. Hernandez misses his family back home but is very grateful to be able to live here in the United States. I learned that their culture is very different from my culture. The Hispanic culture has parties for girls when they turn 15, my culture does not. We just celebrate each birthday every year. The communication is very different. They speak Spanish mostly in their home and in my home, we all speak English. I enjoyed sitting down and learning in depth of someone else's culture other than my own.

The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essays

The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essays The Signalman by Charles Dickens Paper The Signalman by Charles Dickens Paper Essay Topic: Literature The story The Signalman, by Charles Dickens, has the supernatural as its main theme. The author builds up a sense of fear and tension gradually to maintain the interest of the reader. Stories, which include supernatural events, were undoubtedly as popular in the Victorian times as they are today. This is probably because the reader enjoys being scared. During Victorian times railways were a relatively new invention. People saw trains as huge ogres, because most people did not know much about trains. This meant that some people feared them. An example of this is, Just then there came a vague vibration in the earth and air, quickly changing into a violent pulsation, and an on coming rush. This makes the train sounds as if it is alive by using personification. The narrator seems to feel disturbed by it. The author of, The Signalman, builds up a sinister atmosphere by using descriptive details. An example of this is where he tells us the, Cutting was extremely deep, and, Unusually precipitous. It was made through a clammy stone, that became oozier and wetter as I went down. This suggests that the cutting is very dark, eerie, and not a very nice place to be. The language used in the short story is in archaic form. The narrator says at the beginning of the story, Halloa below there, Halloa is not used within the English language today. Nowadays people would say Hello rather than Halloa. Using language such as this is very effective because people have not heard this form of archaic language in quite some time. The role of the narrator is to act as a person that the signalman can trust; he speaks to the signalman as if he is in a powerful position, and as if he is in a different class to the signalman, (The class system was more pronounced in Victorian times). He tries to find a rational explanation to what it was the signalman claims to have seen. Incredulity, because he begins to trust the signalman. He starts to think that there may be some truth in the signalmans story. He also starts to show some concern over the signalman and what he may be going through. Understanding, He begins to believe in what the signalman was telling him. Unfortunately this happened as the result as the signalmans death. One of the ways Charles Dickens builds up suspense for the reader is thee many warnings about what is going to happen to the signalman. The fist warning is the train crash in the tunnel. A crash in the tunnel would be most unfortunate. This is because the tunnel is dark, cold and harder for the fire service to get to the wreck, so the fire can spread quicker. The second warning was the bride being pushed or falling out of the train window. The last warning was a vision of the signalman standing on the tracks bent over and looking at something or someone in the corner next to the track. The Final warning is not in fact a warning; instead it was the signalmans death. This suddenly became more personal to the narrator than any of the other events; this is because the narrator knew the signalman, and what he was like. The signalmans character is a very interesting one. When you think of the education that is needed to be a signalman, than you may think of someone who has dropped out of school, or failed their exams. However this is not true with the signalman he was, A student of natural philosophy. The narrator found out that the signalman, Had run wild, missed his opportunities, gone down and never risen again. This shows us that the signalmans character was successful in his education, however he did not apply this academic ability to his choice of occupation. The relationship between the narrator and the signalman develops throughout the story. Starting form the beginning, when the signalman ignored the narrator. Halloa! Below there! Shouted the narrator, One would have thought, considering the nature of the ground, that he could not have doubted from what quarter came the voice; but instead of looking up to where I stood he turned himself and looked down the line, This adds to the sense of mystery as well as developing a curious friendship over the fact of the narrators intentions. I am not happy in opening any conversation. This shows that the signalman is a very private, and possibly vulnerable. It seems as if the signalman has been hurt by someone in the past, and so therefore is being very, if not over protective of himself, his belongings and his life that he leads and once lead. Then the signalman decides to confide in the narrator, I believe I used to be so, but I am troubled, sir, I am troubled. With What? What Is Your Trouble? It is very difficult to impart, sir. It is very, very difficult to speak of. If ever you make me another visit, I will try to tell you. Now the signalman asks him to come back, so this must mean that the narrator and the signalman must like each other, and because of this I would assume that they are more than friends. During the story there are several points, which could be considered as cliffhangers. This indicates to me that originally the story was split into several parts to make it serial. An example of one of these cliffhangers is, You had no feeling that they conveyed to you in any supernatural way? This shows a cliffhanger in the story. It also shows that the story could have been split into sections and put into a newspaper or magazine, in instalments. At the end of the story, The Signalman, The signalman is killed. There are a few explanations to his death. One is that he committed suicide. The evidence that I have found to back this up comes from the parts of the story where the bride was killed and the crash inside the tunnel. This is because he was very upset and depressed about the death and crashes that had happened on his part of the railway line. He was so depressed that the only way that he could see to stop his depression was to throw himself under a train, this was also to stop the guilt of all the lives that might have been able to save had he have been doing his job probably. The reader knows that the crash and the brides death was not the signalmans thought but thats not what the signalman thought. The second explanation is that he did not see the train because he was too busy dealing with what he though might have been a ghost beside the railway track. If this is the case then it was nothing more than a freak accident. If there was to be any blame passed than it would have to go to the signalman for standing in the middle of the railway tracks. However he cannot be blamed entirely. The train was coming out of a dark tunnel. Also the train was also painted black. Black the colour of darkness. So the train was easily camouflaged within the tunnel.

Data Analysis on Questionnaires (edit) Research Paper

Data Analysis on Questionnaires (edit) - Research Paper Example The first question in this survey simply asked patients to list the age at which they were diagnosed with diabetes. The participants in this group were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes at ages ranging from 31 to 50, the youngest being a woman who initially developed Gestational diabetes during a pregnancy. Eighty-four percent of the participants were diagnosed when they were in the range of 40 to 49-years-old, supporting the evidence showing that this type of diabetes is most commonly found in adults. Answers referring to the diagnosis of the participants show a trend that most people are unaware that they even suffer from the disease until they are diagnosed by a medical professional. Participants were asked how they were diagnosed with diabetes with the second question of the survey. Almost half of the surveyed group – forty-eight percent – went to their general practitioner based on symptoms that the patients recognized as possibly being linked to diabetes because of family members with the disease or for symptoms ranging from wounds that would not heal to dizziness to rapid weight loss or gain. Glucose tests were then performed to diagnose the disease. Conversely, the other fifty-two percent of the participants were surprised by a diagnosis of diabetes. Three women developed Gestational diabetes during or after pregnancies when no history of the disease was present. The other ten participants were all incidentally diagnosed because of other health problems. Half were being hospitalized for other illnesses and blood tests showed abnormal glucose levels. The other half was having routine blood tests, pre-surgery blood tests, and even an insurance s creening when their diabetes was diagnosed. Thus, while almost half of the group was aware of present symptoms of the disease, over half had no idea they had any blood glucose abnormalities until the lab test results were stumbled

Human Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Capital - Essay Example In the current scenario, people are the differentiators of a business enterprise; human capital is the profit lever of the knowledge economy. Human capital is the combination of genetic inheritance, education, experience and attitude towards life and business (Bontis & Fitz-enz, 2002). Human capital is the source of innovation and strategy. Sustained competitive advantage can accrue from a pool of human capital. Human capital adds value and is not substitutable. With these factors in mind, IBM, world's leading IT hardware, software and services company has devised its own strategy for recruitment and selection. Gordon (2002), states that organizations encounter difficulties in recruiting and retaining top talent because they have yet to deal with today's most critical human resources issues. It is essential to create a talent powered company consisting of highly motivated, skilled and loyal employees because such companies not only recruit the best but also retain the best through employee-centered strategies. In toady's world compensation packages do not matter. What is important is for the managers to take responsibility for retaining the best people. Managers need to meet their employees to discuss workplace concerns and possible solutions. If the managers are able to identify what the employees value, then they have the key to retention strategy that does not rely solely on financial benefits. Person-Organization (P-O) fit is the new approach that attempts to understand the selection process as this is directly related to talent retention within the organization (Westerman & Cyr, 2004) . Research suggests that the recruiters' perception of fit is often inaccurate as they are more predictive of hiring decisions than the actual fit between an applicant and the organization. High employee turnover is a consequence of poor P-O fit. IBM however follows a different system of recruitment and selection and is able to retain talent. They believe in equal opportunity, in work force diversity, they believe in promoting women and also re-employing the older staff. While HR practices were traditionally performed internally, companies have increasingly started outsourcing such activities. Recruiting and selection (R&S) has gradually become one of the most outsourced HR functions (Ordanini & Silvestri, 2008). According to the transaction cost principle if the cost of using the market is lower than that of internal production, it should be outsourced. The resource based view suggests that internal resources should be utilized for core competencies otherwise the activity should be externalized to preserve the internal resources for core functions. Based on these theories it has been considered profitable to outsource R&S functions and IBM too has taken such steps. In order for organizations to develop an image of 'employer of choice', they have to tread carefully in outsourcing recruitment (Thite, 2004). Mills (2002) says it is impossible to run the recruitment process single-handedly while simultaneously developing the core business. It is advisable to outsource the primary candidate selection and the first round of interviews while keeping the final selection decision with the company. Outsourcing recruitment process alleviates the administrative burden of sourcing and screening candidates with the right skills but Fish and Macklin (2004) caution the HRM professionals must ensure that the service providers have knowledge, integrity,

Public Goods and Common Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Goods and Common Resources - Essay Example Turkey being the sixth largest textile industry in the world is losing its comparative advantage in the textile industry. The country is losing its comparative advantage due to loss of cheap labour advantage. The cost of labour escalates every year. Statistics indicate that the prices are currently five times that of China. Turkish textile industry has a comparative advantage over the Indian textile industry as a result of the wide market available. Its proximity to European countries makes it easy to reach out for consumers (Sugur, 2005). This gives the company advantage in transportation and access to a large market share. The professor may start a marketing firm. With the professor’s vast knowledge in economics, a marketing consultancy firm would be appropriate for him or her. This enables the professor to be an entrepreneur in a field he or she is quite sophisticated. The professor would provide consultancy services to the clients just as he or she taught while teaching in the

Issues In Project Management

Issues In Project Management This essay discusses about two major issues in projects and project management. The two major issues this essay going to discuss and analyse are the impacts of risks if they are not managed in a project and the importance of managing stakeholders in a project and project management. The essay also discusses about other issues in project management that were involved in the illustrated case studies. Risk management is one of the crucial requirements in any projects. Projects without risk management are questionable to its success level and the aftermath can be severe if the risks are of high negative impact. Risk is something that may happen unexpectedly in a project which creates positive or negative impacts to the result of the project. The probability of risk cannot be accurately predicted and so there should be a risk management plan in every project to handle the risks which cannot be avoided. The risk management plan involves risk identification, quantifying the risk into impact and probability, planning a response which includes avoiding, transferring, mitigating and accepting the risk and the final step in risk management plan is to monitor and control the plan. (Webb, 2010) This following section of the essay will discuss about what will happen if risks are not managed in a project with case studies. The first case study used is Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System. The following section explains the background of the case study followed by the issues that aroused due to poor project management which headed the project to be a complete chaos. Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System: Background: The Denver International Airport (DIA) baggage handling system was to be the worlds largest automated baggage system but it became a case of technology project failure. The DIA is the largest international airport in United States covering a land area of 140km and it is the third largest international airport in the world and it can handle more than 50 million passengers annually. (Calleam Consulting, 2008) The automated baggage system was the critical element of the plan. DIA would have been one of the competitive advantages airports providing more efficient operations by reducing the aircraft turnaround time to 30 minutes using this automated baggage system. The original plan was to make use of the automated baggage handling system all over the airport and it was more complex than what people actually believed. The system was planned to handle 88 airport gates in three concourses, seventeen miles of track and five miles of conveyor belts, 3100 standard carts, fourteen million feet of wiring, hundreds of computers connected in a network to control the flow, 5000 electric motors, 59 laser arrays, 400 radio receivers and 2700 photo cells. (Calleam Consulting, 2008). All these components explain how complex the automated baggage handler system is. The construction work of DIA started in November 1989. United Airlines signed and planned to use Concourse A as a hub and it engaged BEA systems to build the Concourse A automated baggage handler system who was the world leader in operating, installing and supplying baggage handling equipment. The project management team of DIA approached BEA to build the baggage system for all three concourses and for the whole airport to transfer baggage automatically. Issues: Massive problems started in building the baggage system which was very complex as they never thought of such complexity. Even though the airport was complete, it did not open as scheduled in October 1993 because of the problems in baggage system and the completed airport was idle for more than 16 months which also missed the opening dates in April and May, 1994 and the opening was delayed to March 1995. (Neufville) The DIA airport authorities arranged a demonstration of the baggage system for the media without informing BEA. There was complete disaster in the demonstration as the bags were crushed and clothes were thrown out from the bags. This was in April, 1994 and the opening was delayed to May, 1994. BEA systems claimed that the airport staff used the system incorrectly and there was no malfunction in the system. System testing was struggling and airport built a manual trolley system as per the log plans recommendation. The delays increased the cost for owners and airlines and huge amount of money was wasted due to the idle use of the airport. In August, 1994, DIA started fining BEA for further delays and not able to complete the system. The airport was opened on 25th February, 1995 with the automated baggage system implemented in single concourse instead of implementing in all the concourses. All other part of the airport used the manual trolley system since the automated baggage was not functioning as expected. The maintenance cost for the system which was not functioning properly was one million dollar per month and so they scrapped the whole system in August 2005 and implemented the manual system in all over the airport. (Calleam Consulting, 2008) Risks that were involved: There were many possibilities of risks in the above mentioned scenarios and one of the reasons why this project failed is due to ignorance of risk. The complexity of the baggage allowance system was underestimated. The project was initiated too late because of not understanding the risks involved in it and the complexity level of the system. Due to not understanding the complexity level, the project was planned to complete in two years which was insufficient to complete such a complex project and due to this the project team made lot of mistakes to meet the schedule which was impossible. Any automated baggage handler system is subject to risk. The failure cannot be said as a bad luck or due to lack of qualifications since the system was installed by BEA systems one of the best suppliers in baggage system. This complex project should be viewed as a research project and in a research project; success cannot be expected in a short time unless it is managed well. Although the airport project management team and BEA systems know that there is a big risk in completing the project in two years time, they started the project and they failed to identify all the major risks involved in proceeding with the complex project. Several managers of BEA advised the BEA senior management team that this complex project is a four year project and not a two year project. Both airports chief engineer and BEAs senior management team ignored the advice and continued with the project. The BEA management structure completely failed to recognize what kind of risk they were entering into by taking this project and committed to proceed with the project. If they have recognized, they would have at least taken steps to reduce the risks involved in this project and find some scope to achieve the goal of the project within the deadline. Some of the issues were unpredictable and since the airport project management team and BEA does not plan any risk management, the unpredictable issues created many impacts on the project since they does not know how to handle the issues. The project team couldnt manage not only the unpredictable issue, some predictable issue like major technical problem that encountered in the project was not able to be handled by the project team. This was due to lack of developing a proper risk management plan in the project. Importance of managing Stakeholders in a project: The other major mistake done by both airport project management team and BEA was excluding the airlines from the discussions who were the key stakeholders of this project. While making key project decisions, stakeholders should be included to produce a winning strategy. (Calleam Consulting, 2008). If the stakeholders are excluded previously and included finally, they will ask for significant changes in the project which leads to nullify the previous work done in the project. This was proved in this project when airlines asked for many changes like adding maintenance tracks and ski equipment racks; BEA and airport project management was forced to accept the changes since they initially avoided stakeholders from the negotiations although there was a term that no changes would be made. Case study Conclusion: The case study can be concluded from the above illustrations and discussions that the DIA baggage handling system project failed due to not understanding the complexity of the project, no risk management plan, poor stakeholder management, lack of communication, poor design and planning of the system and finally lack of management insight in the project which led Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System project to be an example for technology project failure. The next section of the essay will discuss about another case study related to risk management. The Second case study used is Heathrow Terminal 5 Chaos. The following sections explains the background of the case study followed by the issues that aroused due to poor risk management which headed the project to be a complete chaos. Heathrow Terminal 5 Chaos: Background: Public enquiry of Heathrow Airport fifth terminal building proposal started in May 1995 and ended in March 1999 with the longest public inquiry in British planning history costing eight million pounds in legal fees. The terminal was expected to complete by 30th, March 2008 after the approval from UK government. Three twenty million pounds were allocated for planning risks. The terminal includes everything from facilities to handle jumbo aircrafts, car parks, service tunnels, a complete transport interchange, a hotel, shops, catering, highest customer service and it can handle thirty million passengers a year. The Terminal 5 was constructed especially to concentrate by British Airways (BA) flights. (Hancock, 2009) Issues: The opening of Terminal 5 after fifteen years of planning and construction with spending 4.3 billion pounds should have been a great moment for British Airport Authority (BAA) and British Airways (BA) but it head to be one of the biggest chaos. The problem started when the terminal staffs couldnt reach there in time due to difficulty in parking their cars, the staff security screening and familiarisation was delayed too, which led to accumulation of baggage. Another major reason was the collapse of state-of-art baggage handling system due to technical problems which was designed to handle 12,000 baggage per hour. (BBC News, 2008) As a result, more than 23,000 bags were lost and 500 flights were cancelled. BA lost 16 million pounds in the first five days of operations. (Thomson, 2008). BA blamed that the staffs provided were not familiar with the new systems and only few staffs were provided to handle the baggage system. BAA said that the baggage got clogged due to few numbers of staffs from BA and not due to the baggage handler system. Later BAA spokeswoman agreed that there was some software problem in the baggage handler system and it is completely BAAs responsibility. (Hancock, 2009) BA claimed that it was preparing for the past three years to switch to Terminal 5 and thousands of staffs have been trained to handle the new system and they got delayed to their workstations due to the difficulty in parking their cars. (The Times, 2008). The British Airline Pilots Association (BALPA) wrote a letter to the government ministers and shareholders blaming all BA executives for the Heathrow Terminal 5 chaos including the chief executive. (Milmo, 2008) Risks that were involved: Risk turns to be an issue if it happens. If risks are not managed even after knowing the probability and impact of the risk is high, then there will be a chaos like in this case study. The chaos in Terminal 5 was due to poor management not only for few days but from the initial stage of the project especially lacking risk management. The project would have been a big success if there was risk management for this kind of mega project. There were already defects in the baggage handler system during the trail process before opening Terminal 5 and it was reported to BA. The simulations used a less amount of baggage, less passengers and handlers to test the system. BA management ignored the concerns. They didnt test the system properly and they ignored to manage the risk. They blamed each other instead of solving the problems. BAs chief executive admitted that they compromised testing due to the delays in building the terminal. The baggage handler staff spent much time in searching for the parking place due to wrong sign boards and directions. The staffs were not trained and not familiar to handle the baggage handler system which was another risk. BAs chief executive admitted that they didnt train staffs and didnt familiarize them. (Massey, 2008). Case study Conclusion: Although the Heathrow Terminal 5 project was completed on time and on budget, it is one of the major catastrophic disaster projects. If the systems were tested properly, staffs were trained and familiarisied and if risks have been managed properly, the Terminal 5 project would have been the most successful project. The case study can be concluded from the above illustrations and discussions that the risk management is one of the crucial requirements in project management and ignoring to manage them will lead to failure or disaster of projects like Heathrow Terminal 5 chaos. Case Study: Online shopping system: This is one of the case studies that I personally experienced while learning the module IT Project Management. This case study project was to develop a online shopping software system for the client Metro Super stores and the project was carried out with 8 project teams members including the project manager. We covered most of the issues in project management in the lecture and seminar sessions. This can be illustrated with one example about managing risk in this project. We were asked to come with the risk log for this case study and we discussed about all possibilities of risks that will affect this online shopping software development system. We created the risk log and quantified the risks using its impact on the project and probability of happening. It was a personal experience that taught me the real importance of risk management in project management. (Classroom experience, 2010) Conclusion In all the above produced case studies, the essay discussed and analysed the major issues related to project management involved within the case studies with illustrations of the issues and discussed with examples. From the case studies and illustrations, it is concluded that project management issues are vital to any kind of projects especially for mega projects like Heathrow Terminal 5 and Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System and the project would not succeed unless it is managed well. [Word Count: 2451] Bibliography BBC News. (2008, March 28). Other airports rocky starts . BBC News. (2008, March 30). What did go wrong at Terminal 5? . Calleam Consulting. (2008). Denver Airport Baggage Handling System Case Study Calleam Consulting. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from http://calleam.com: http://calleam.com/WTPF/wp-content/uploads/articles/DIABaggage.pdf Computerworld UK reporters. (08, March 27). Heathrow Terminal 5 chaos: RoundUp. Retrieved December 15, 2010, from http://www.computerworlduk.com: http://www.computerworlduk.com/in-depth/it-business/1268/heathrow-terminal-5-chaos-roundup/ Dunn, P. (2008). Courting Disaster. Retrieved December 14, 2010, from http://www.squarepegint.com: http://www.squarepegint.com/pdf/RecentResearch/CourtingDisasterFinal.pdf Experience, C. R. (2010). IT Project Management. Sheffield Hallam University. Hancock, D. (2009, May 8). Heathrow Terminal 5 Success or Failure? Retrieved 12 17, 2010, from http://www.slideshare.net/: http://www.slideshare.net/Hank5559/heathrow-terminal-5-success-or-failure Massey, R. (2008, May 08). BA chief Willie Walsh brands Heathrows Terminal 5 a national embarrassment. Milmo, D. (2008, April 8). Pilots slam BA management over Terminal 5 chaos. p. 1. Neufville, R. d. (n.d.). THE BAGGAGE SYSTEM AT DENVER:PROSPECTS AND LESSONS. Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://ardent.mit.edu: http://ardent.mit.edu/airports/ASP_papers/Bag%20System%20at%20Denver.PDF The Times. (2008, March 28). Terminal 5 launch disaster brings holiday chaos. Thomson, R. (2008, April 02). IT experts tackle baggage system problems at Heathrows Terminal 5. Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://www.computerweekly.com: http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2008/04/02/230084/IT-experts-tackle-baggage-system-problems-at-Heathrow39s-Terminal.htm Webb, L. (2010). Lecture Slides. Retrieved December 16, 2010, from http://shuspace.shu.ac.uk: http://shuspace.shu.ac.uk Williams, C. (2010). Project Management: Risk Management. Retrieved December 15, 2010, from http://www.projectsmart.co.uk: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-management-risk-management.html Sheffield Hallam University Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering and Sciences IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT Individual Reflection 20/12/2010 Prasnnaa Kumar Nachimuthu B0045907 MSc Database Professional Introduction The purpose of this essay is to write about the individual reflection of my personal experience in the module IT Project Management held during Sep 2010 Dec 2010. This essay produces my learning experience and my experience of working in a team during this module which helps to reflect upon my learning experience in the module. This module has taught me many things about project management from how to manage a project as a project manager, how to be a good team player and work in team, and most of the topics in project management. This is one of the module I really enjoyed working with my tutors and all my colleagues. The tutors were really interactive with me and everyone in the class and all of the lectures and seminars were very interactive rather than a boring session. The interest of me in this module can be proved with my presence in all the lecture and seminar session without missing a single lecture or tutorial session from the beginning to end of this module. The beginning week of the lecture explained me about this module, project and its definition. The later seminar session involved practical teaching of knowing more about project and I was put into a group. Every week, I learnt a new topic about project management and understood how to act to issues in real time environment. For example, in one of my lecture session, I was given a case study about the problems involved in the biggest building in Sheffield. We understood the case study and I was asked to be in a group to work as a developer of the building and come out with possible solutions to answer the problems of the buyers of the building which consist of my colleagues in another group. While working in the group like a developer, I was thinking as I am the real developer and was trying to come out with possible solutions with my other colleagues in the group. Then I, with my colleagues as developers met the buyers group and answered the possible solutions thinking them as the real buyers. After the session, I was completely satisfied that I have learnt something today. This is one of the examples, and every week, due to working in a group, helped me to handle the issues and answer the project board as a project manager and also ask questions to project manager as a project board member. I had the opportunity to produce the first assignment as a group work. I was the project manager in the group and had to assign the task in which I found it easy because we had breakdown the tasks, worked on it individually, discussed and produced the final document prior to the deadline. Conclusion I conclude from the above produced illustrations of my personal experience that I am completely satisfied the way the module was taught to me and I enjoyed working with my colleagues in a team. I personally thank my tutors for teaching me the project management skills in an interesting, interacting and practical way and I would definitely recommend this module to my colleagues. [Word Count: 529]

Themes of the Odyssey :: essays research papers

Throughout the Odyssey there are many themes that Homer uses to portray different people and events. To name a few, there are the themes of Betrayal and Revenge,Greed and Glutony, Hospitality, Role of the Gods and Wealth (the amount of money one had determined the status he held in the greek society, and this explains Odysseus's love for plunder). To start with the most common one, the role of the gods, one can see many such allusions thrown all over the odyssey. The epic poem starts in Mt.Olympus where the gods are discussing what will happen to Odysseus , Master mariner and warrior of Ithaka. As it so happens he is on the island of Kalypso, one of the lesser gods. Also, as Odysseus travels, one learns about the role of the gods in not only his travels but other peoples ones too. Agisthos, the man who stole Agamemnon's wife and killed him, was sent a message from Zeus by Hermes, giving him the information of what will happen if he kills him. Also, Menelaus, the red haired king of war, had to wrestle with a sea-god in order to gain acceptance and sail all the way back to his homeland of Sparta, and find news about the rest of his companions. He would not find out about his brothers demise until he got home. The next two themes are interelated, Betrayal and Revenge, with Greed and Glutony.THe gods punish those who show greed and glutony, but that does not mean that they cannot be punished as well. A prime example of this is when Posiedon is out feasting among the 'sun-burnt' races that were deemed to be his own. While he was feasting, Odysseus escaped the island of Kalypso, something that Poseidon did not like and was to late to stop from happening. While he was being gluttanos and eating all that food, Odysseus had escaped. Another example would be the murder of Agamemnon. Agisthos was greedy and wanted money and status, as well as Agamemnon's wife and Agamemnon's wife betrayed Agamemnon when she went off with him and even more so when they both killed him. However, the theme of Betrayal is often closely followed by the theme of Revenge. Agamemnon's son, Orestes, would go back and avenge his father's death, killing Agisthos and his mother even though later on in greek mythology he knew he would be punished for killing her.

Egypt and Mesopotamia Essay

Most societies that developed in ancient civilizations were centered around their belief systems. The Egyptians and the Mesopotamians were no different in this sense. Both civilizations were polytheistic and built elaborate temples to praise their gods. Additionally, the leaders in both regions were believed to be related to the gods because of the great power they held and the wealth under their control. However, the Mesopotamians had a pessimistic outlook on life because of the unpredictability of their environment. The Egyptians, on the other hand, had an optimistic outlook because the Nile River inundated their region regularly, which could be predicted by the stars. The similarities and differences in the religions of these two regions may be attributable to the relative geographical isolationism of the two areas, which allowed them to develop without the influence of outside cultures. Both ancient cultures built sophisticated monuments to praise their gods. The Egyptians constructed a vast network of impressive temples to honor their many gods, each of which had an elite staff of priests whose job was to care for the temple and the gods. One of the most prominent temples was Abu Simbel, which was carved out of the side of a cliff and had four giant statues of Ramses, the â€Å"Alexander the Great† of Egypt, guarding the entrance. Another notable example was the mortuary temple of King Khufu at Giza, which had polished limestone floors and ornately painted columns. The Mesopotamians built ziggurats to glorify their gods, which were considered â€Å"stairways to heaven.† One of the most famous ziggurats was the enormous, complex structure built at Ur which reached up to almost 100 feet. It was erected to honor the moon goddess Nanna, the divine patron of the city state. The gods were central to both cultures and, as a result, much time was devoted to constructing and maintaining their monuments. The importance of the gods in their cultures was also reflected in their political structure. Both societies believed that their leaders were somehow related to their gods. The Egyptians believed that their pharaohs were the reincarnation of the sun god Re, the chief god who held the most power of all of the gods. This was believed because the pharaohs had immense power, governed huge areas of lands, and controlled vast resources such as gold and slaves. The pharaohs also elevated their status by building huge structures to the gods that seemed to transcend their earthly life, such as the pyramids and temples. The pharaohs used ordinary Egyptians to build the pyramids, not slaves, because the Egyptians wanted to please the god king so they would be guaranteed a place in the afterlife. The pharaohs also conquered thousands of square miles of land through military victories which seemed almost impossible for mere mortals. Similarly, the Mesopotamian kings were believed to be the sons of gods. The god the kings were related to depended on the city state’s main god, which was usually Anu. The king was also the chief priest which continued the relationship, keeping them close to the gods. The kings took on massive public works projects as well as military conquests which further cemented this belief. Because of the importance of the gods to these societies, their leaders were raised to a â€Å"godly† status as a reflection of their significance and as a result of their many accomplishments, which also gave the people a more tangible connection to the gods. While both societies honored their gods and saw their leaders related to the gods, the Mesopotamians had a pessimistic outlook on life because they believed that the actions of their gods were unforeseeable while the Egyptians had an optimistic outlook on life because they believed their gods were predictable. The Mesopotamians beliefs arose because their region had an unstable environment. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers often overflowed their banks in flash floods, ruining farmland and houses as well as killing people and livestock. The environment also varied when they had droughts that led to famines and then regular rainfall which gave them food surpluses. In addition, the major factor that ended this civilization was the environmental decline because of over farming which led to an ecological disaster that still plagues this region to this day. The Egyptians, on the other hand, believed that their gods were predictable because their environment was very unsurprising. They could forecast the inundation of the Nile River by looking at the stars. As a result, they believed the gods were telling them things through the stars. Therefore, their priests often looked to the heavens for answers, blending science into their religion and resulting in a certain amount of control over their lives. But because everything that happened was attributed to the gods, the outlook on life for both societies was closely linked to the region they lived and the problems that were encountered. The gods were central to both Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies. The architecture of both regions reflected the religious symbols that were instrumental to the faith of the people. The leaders in both societies were considered to be related to the gods because of the amazing structures they built and the accomplishments they achieved. Finally, the perception of life was determined by environmental factors that shaped the peoples view of how their gods treated them. At the heart of their religions, the Egyptians and Mesopotamians were focused on pleasing their gods so that they would be rewarded and anything bad that happened was attributed to not satisfying the gods. Unaffected by outside influences, these civilizations shared many similarities in how their religions shaped their cultures but also had differences which arose from the impact of their geographical location.

Analyzing Thе Orеstеia by Aеschylus as thе Political Play

Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play AÐ µschylus' grÐ µatÐ µst surviving achiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnt is thÐ µ trilogy known as thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, which trÐ µats thÐ µ suprÐ µmÐ µ difficulty of undÐ µrstanding and obtaining a just social and rÐ µligious ordÐ µr. ApparÐ µntly thÐ µ sÐ µts of four dramas that playwrights Ð µntÐ µrÐ µd in thÐ µ compÐ µtition gÐ µnÐ µrally involvÐ µd thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs followÐ µd by a lightÐ µr work known as a satyr play, but thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs did not nÐ µÃ µd to trÐ µat thÐ µ samÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ, and frÐ µquÐ µntly thÐ µy didn't. In thÐ µ casÐ µ of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, howÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ plays comprisÐ µ onÐ µ grand and complÐ µx drama, and this work is thÐ µ only Attic trilogy that Ð µscapÐ µd dÐ µstruction to bÐ µ Ð µnjoyÐ µd today (ConachÐ µr 56). ThÐ µ point of origin for thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia was Ð µvidÐ µntly ЕphialtÐ µs' rÐ µstriction of thÐ µ powÐ µrs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagitÐ µ Council, for thÐ µ trilogy culminatÐ µs in prÐ µcisÐ µly thÐ µ sort of trial that rÐ µmainÐ µd within thÐ µ Council's purviÐ µwa murdÐ µr trial. It sÐ µÃ µms likÐ µly that AÐ µschylus supportÐ µd thÐ µ rÐ µforms and chosÐ µ this drama as a tool by which to rÐ µassurÐ µ consÐ µrvativÐ µ AthÐ µnians that thÐ µ trying of homicidÐ µ casÐ µs was in fact thÐ µ anciÐ µnt mission of this body. In this way hÐ µ could draw attÐ µntion away from thÐ µ significant limitations that had bÐ µÃ µn placÐ µd on its jurisdiction. ThÐ µ matÐ µrial with which AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to convÐ µy his mÐ µssagÐ µ was thÐ µ familiar talÐ µ of thÐ µ cursÐ µd housÐ µ of thÐ µ anciÐ µnt hÐ µro PÐ µlops and his dÐ µscÐ µndant AgamÐ µmnon, commandÐ µr-in-chiÐ µf of thÐ µ lÐ µgÐ µndary Ð µxpÐ µdition against Troy (ConachÐ µr 59). This papÐ µr, by rÐ µfÐ µrring to thÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µs and charactÐ µrs prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in AÐ µschylus ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, sÐ µÃ µks to analyzÐ µ AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ dramatist and poÐ µt; and aims to study thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia as thÐ µ political play, focusing on thÐ µ mÐ µthods and tools usÐ µd by thÐ µ author to convÐ µy thÐ µ social and political mÐ µssagÐ µ of thosÐ µ days. ThÐ µ first play, AgamÐ µmnon, portrays thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk gÐ µnÐ µral's murdÐ µr upon his victorious rÐ µturn from thÐ µ Trojan War in a plot hatchÐ µd by his faithlÐ µss wifÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and his cousin AÐ µgisthus, who has bÐ µcomÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's lovÐ µr. AgamÐ µmnon's murdÐ µr posÐ µs an agonizing dilÐ µmma for his childrÐ µn OrÐ µstÐ µs and ЕlÐ µctra, for thÐ µy arÐ µ facÐ µd with a choicÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn killing thÐ µir mothÐ µr and allowing thÐ µir fathÐ µr's dÐ µath to go unpunishÐ µd. ThÐ µir pain and OrÐ µstÐ µs' Ð µvÐ µntual murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and AÐ µgisthus form thÐ µ subjÐ µct mattÐ µr of thÐ µ sÐ µcond play, ThÐ µ Libation BÐ µarÐ µrs. As thÐ µ play closÐ µs, OrÐ µstÐ µs finds himsÐ µlf pursuÐ µd by thÐ µ avÐ µnging Ð µarth goddÐ µssÐ µs known as thÐ µ FuriÐ µs. His suffÐ µring Ð µnds in thÐ µ final play, ThÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs. This play is sÐ µt in AthÐ µns, whÐ µ rÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µs has takÐ µn rÐ µfugÐ µ, hoping that a rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt will afford him a fair trial. AthÐ µna's chargÐ µ to thÐ µ jury proclaims thÐ µ gloriÐ µs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus, thÐ µ importancÐ µ of justicÐ µ, and thÐ µ cÐ µntrality of law. To continuÐ µ, as a drama and a poÐ µm thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is oftÐ µn analyzÐ µd by critics in tÐ µrms of its consistÐ µncy It brings thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia to a conclusion; but its account of AthÐ µns and thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus sÐ µÃ µms to many scholars inspirÐ µd morÐ µ by patriotism than a sÐ µnsÐ µ of dramatic unity. HÐ µncÐ µ much attÐ µntion has bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvotÐ µd to AÐ µschylus supposÐ µd political mÐ µssagÐ µ in thÐ µ play. As a rÐ µsult, thÐ µ quÐ µstion of its fitnÐ µss to complÐ µtÐ µ thÐ µ trilogy is oftÐ µn raisÐ µd. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, thosÐ µ whosÐ µ concÐ µrn is with AÐ µschylus poÐ µtry tÐ µnd to ignorÐ µ his politics. In 1960 Е. R. Dodds publishÐ µd an articlÐ µ callÐ µd Morals and Politics in thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia. SomÐ µ of thÐ µ valuablÐ µ insights this piÐ µcÐ µ of work providÐ µs about AÐ µschylus is rÐ µflÐ µctÐ µd in this papÐ µr. Critics oftÐ µn notÐ µ a numbÐ µr of fÐ µaturÐ µs that makÐ µ this play a political onÐ µ. First, it is important to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ concÐ µpt of politiÐ µs WhÐ µn it is said of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia that thÐ µ play has a political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt, that usually mÐ µans that it is commÐ µnting on thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts of thÐ µ writÐ µrs timÐ µ; it is clÐ µarly in that sÐ µnsÐ µ that Dodds usÐ µs thÐ µ tÐ µrm (Dodd 48). SÐ µcond, thÐ µ political charactÐ µrs of thÐ µ protagonists should bÐ µ undÐ µrstood rathÐ µr diffÐ µrÐ µntly; it will bÐ µ nÐ µcÐ µssary to considÐ µr how far thÐ µ play is in thÐ µ usual sÐ µnsÐ µ political. Third, it is Ð µssÐ µntial to closÐ µly Ð µxaminÐ µ of a numbÐ µr of individual passagÐ µs to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt in thÐ µm. 1. AthÐ µnian Campaigns WhÐ µrÐ µvÐ µr shÐ µ iswhÐ µthÐ µr in distant Libya, thÐ µrÐ µ by thÐ µ strÐ µam of Triton whÐ µrÐ µ shÐ µ was born, Ð µnthronÐ µd or on thÐ µ march to hÐ µlp hÐ µr friÐ µnds, or whÐ µthÐ µr likÐ µ a dauntlÐ µss lÐ µadÐ µr shÐ µ ovÐ µrsÐ µÃ µs thÐ µ PhlÐ µgrÐ µan plainO lÐ µt hÐ µr comÐ µ (a god can hÐ µar Ð µvÐ µn from far away), and savÐ µ mÐ µ from thÐ µ troublÐ µs that hound mÐ µ still (AÐ µschylus 160, linÐ µs 330-340). Dodds suggÐ µsts that in this passagÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is an allusion to thÐ µ AthÐ µnians who wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µn fighting in thÐ µ NilÐ µ DÐ µlta on bÐ µhalf of thÐ µ Libyans (49-50). SpÐ µaking about thÐ µ charactÐ µrs, thÐ µ author arguÐ µs that if Akamas and DÐ µmophons valuablÐ µs in thÐ µ Ð µpic wÐ µrÐ µ purÐ µly privatÐ µ onÐ µs, hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ trÐ µasurÐ µ is a piÐ µcÐ µ of land for thÐ µ wholÐ µ stalÐ µ. Now thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ strugglÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn MitylÐ µnÐ µ and AthÐ µns ovÐ µr SigÐ µum in thÐ µ sixth cÐ µntury; possibly this piÐ µcÐ µ of mythology was invÐ µntÐ µd to support AthÐ µns claims thÐ µn (Dodds 51). But thÐ µsÐ µ linÐ µs do not rÐ µfÐ µr, so far as wÐ µ know, to any spÐ µcific disputÐ µs or battlÐ µs at thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ play. ThÐ µir purposÐ µ is rathÐ µr to point back from a distancÐ µ to thÐ µ sack of Troy which bulkÐ µd so largÐ µ in thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon (Dodds 52). ThÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µstruction of thÐ µ town madÐ µ thÐ µ AtridaÐ µ guilty, Ð µvÐ µn as thÐ µy triumphÐ µd, and it lÐ µd to a divinÐ µ punishmÐ µnt for thÐ µ AchaÐ µans as a wholÐ µ, thÐ µ storm which shattÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µir flÐ µÃ µt. HÐ µncÐ µ, whÐ µn thÐ µ mÐ µssÐ µngÐ µr tÐ µlls of that storm hÐ µ comparÐ µs his words to thÐ µ nÐ µws of a city conquÐ µrÐ µd (linÐ µ 526): it is a victory-hymn of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs for thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µks. But hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ sack of Troy is thÐ µ causÐ µ of an honorablÐ µ rÐ µward: thÐ µ AthÐ µnians havÐ µ conquÐ µrÐ µd, but conquÐ µst for thÐ µm is not ruinÐ µd by thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs guilt (DovÐ µr 164). Thus thÐ µrÐ µ is hÐ µrÐ µ a myth corrÐ µsponding to thÐ µ formation of thÐ µ alliancÐ µ with Argos latÐ µr in thÐ µ play: both show a unitÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ gÐ µtting a just rÐ µward for thÐ µir labors (DovÐ µr 166). FurthÐ µr, both storiÐ µs validatÐ µ somÐ µthing about contÐ µmporary AthÐ µns, onÐ µ of hÐ µr tÐ µrritorial claims or onÐ µ of hÐ µr alliancÐ µs; and that also appliÐ µs to thÐ µ account of how thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus and thÐ µ cult of thÐ µ SÐ µmnai wÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µt up, which is thÐ µ mythical chartÐ µr for two of hÐ µr institutions. 2. ThÐ µ ArgivÐ µ AlliancÐ µ And now bÐ µforÐ µ I lÐ µavÐ µ for homÐ µ, I swÐ µar to your country and your pÐ µoplÐ µ, now and forÐ µvÐ µr, up to thÐ µ fullÐ µst ripÐ µning of timÐ µ that no hÐ µlmsman of my rÐ µalm, spÐ µar poisÐ µd for battlÐ µ, will comÐ µ against thÐ µm I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats But only if thÐ µy kÐ µÃ µp an upright coursÐ µ, and givÐ µ Ð µnduring honor to thÐ µ city of Pallas with thÐ µir loyal spÐ µars, will I rÐ µmain a blÐ µssing to thÐ µm (AÐ µschylus 178, linÐ µs 880-890). It is gÐ µnÐ µrally agrÐ µÃ µd that this passagÐ µ impliÐ µs approval of thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC, which rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µd thÐ µ pro-Spartan policiÐ µs of Cimon, thÐ µ lÐ µading consÐ µrvativÐ µ at AthÐ µns at thÐ µ timÐ µ, and rÐ µsultÐ µd in a radical dÐ µmocracy (Goldhill 37-39). HowÐ µvÐ µr, somÐ µ scholars notÐ µ that thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is also a motif which forms a significant part of AÐ µschylus play (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 67-68). Paris guilt, his offÐ µncÐ µ against hospitality, brought war bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Argos and his own city: AthÐ µns, which has frÐ µÃ µd OrÐ µstÐ µs from guilt, is now bound by an Ð µtÐ µrnal alliancÐ µ to his city. AlliancÐ µ is prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd hÐ µrÐ µ as a rÐ µlationship of hospitality in its military aspÐ µct (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 70). MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ phrasÐ µ I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats, so that thÐ µy rÐ µg rÐ µt thÐ µy Ð µvÐ µr did what thÐ µy havÐ µ donÐ µ rÐ µcalls thÐ µ situation at Aulis dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ story of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon: thÐ µ bad omÐ µn of thÐ µ Ð µaglÐ µ and thÐ µ harÐ µ, thÐ µ gloom of thÐ µ AchaÐ µan troops and thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs hopÐ µlÐ µss dÐ µcision. Similarly, if in AgamÐ µmnons casÐ µ rÐ µspÐ µct for his alliÐ µs lÐ µd to a crimÐ µ, thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of his daughtÐ µr, thÐ µ ArgivÐ µs rÐ µspÐ µct for thÐ µir alliancÐ µ with AthÐ µns will bring thÐ µm good fortunÐ µ (Dodds 56-57). FurthÐ µr, OrÐ µstÐ µs position should bÐ µ comparÐ µd to that of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs: thÐ µy rÐ µmain, hÐ µ goÐ µs homÐ µ. This alliancÐ µ is a continuing rÐ µlationship which Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs both partiÐ µs gratitudÐ µ Both also arÐ µ to protÐ µct thÐ µ city for thÐ µ futurÐ µ and bring it victory. In othÐ µr words, thÐ µ alliancÐ µ will savÐ µ it in war, thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs will guarantÐ µÃ µ its intÐ µrnal harmony and prospÐ µrity. Scholars alto notÐ µ that thÐ µ alliancÐ µ is closÐ µly linkÐ µd to thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus (DovÐ µr 170). In short, what is significant about thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is not what it impliÐ µs about AÐ µschylus political viÐ µws, but what it rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts within his dramatic crÐ µation. It is a good and guiltlÐ µss rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn statÐ µs; it is thÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssion of OrÐ µstÐ µs gratitudÐ µ; and it is onÐ µ guarantÐ µÃ µ of AthÐ µns safÐ µty. AbovÐ µ all, it rÐ µflÐ µcts, but rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µs, thÐ µ horrors and suffÐ µrings of thÐ µ past (DovÐ µr 171). It is somÐ µtimÐ µs hÐ µld that AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to sÐ µt thÐ µ cÐ µntÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnons kingdom in Argos rathÐ µr than in MycÐ µnaÐ µ in ordÐ µr to prÐ µparÐ µ for an allusion to thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 24-25). That is no doubt truÐ µ as far as it goÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µ tÐ µrm allusion in such a contÐ µxt nÐ µÃ µds carÐ µful dÐ µfinition. YÐ µt, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ also artistic rÐ µasons for this choicÐ µ. AÐ µschylus rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts AgamÐ µmnon and MÐ µnÐ µlaus as rÐ µigning togÐ µthÐ µr in Argos, a notion hÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd from somÐ µ passagÐ µs in thÐ µ OdyssÐ µy. Argos is a suitablÐ µ placÐ µ for this joint rulÐ µ, bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ city carriÐ µs thÐ µ samÐ µ namÐ µ as thÐ µ wholÐ µ rÐ µgion thÐ µ two AtridaÐ µ govÐ µrn, and bÐ µcausÐ µ it is not thÐ µ traditional sÐ µat of Ð µithÐ µr of thÐ µm; so to sÐ µt thÐ µir kingdom thÐ µrÐ µ avoids subordinating onÐ µ to thÐ µ othÐ µr (ConachÐ µr 34). RÐ µturning to thÐ µ discussion of litÐ µrary Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts that, in addition to political fÐ µaturÐ µs of thÐ µ play, form a largÐ µ part of OrÐ µstÐ µia, it is critical to analyzÐ µ AgamÐ µmnons guilt and its consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs. In this rÐ µgard, onÐ µ may notÐ µ that AgamÐ µmnons guilt bÐ µlong to thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ. In turn, thÐ µ murdÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnon is thÐ µ act that brÐ µaks up thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ and brings in thÐ µ nÐ µw. This givÐ µs thÐ µ tragÐ µdy of AgamÐ µmnon its pÐ µculiar charactÐ µr and dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µs its uniquÐ µ tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ and ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs, as consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, wÐ µrÐ µ bound to possÐ µss a diffÐ µrÐ µnt charactÐ µr and tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra plays a diffÐ µrÐ µnt rolÐ µ and has a diffÐ µrÐ µnt dramatic function from that of AgamÐ µmnon, and thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is thÐ µ non-tragic rÐ µsolution of both. NÐ µithÐ µr spÐ µctators nor chorus know, at thÐ µ outsÐ µt of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, what is thÐ µ wisdom that ZÐ µus tÐ µachÐ µs by suffÐ µring, bÐ µcausÐ µ ZÐ µus himsÐ µlf has not yÐ µt taught it. ThÐ µ suffÐ µring of AgamÐ µmnon not only illustratÐ µs a moral principlÐ µ, it sÐ µts in motion thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts which crÐ µatÐ µ a nÐ µw moral principlÐ µ and clarify thÐ µ ambiguity of thÐ µ old principlÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µ is a diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn total tragÐ µdy and tragÐ µdy that is simply onÐ µ morÐ µ illustration of thÐ µ doubtful naturÐ µ of mankind (BowiÐ µ 22-24). Critics claim that thÐ µ rÐ µlation of thÐ µ structural diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs to thÐ µ Ð µthical-thÐ µological diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt plays in thÐ µ trilogy is clÐ µar (ConachÐ µr 62). ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia altÐ µrnatÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn an Ð µmphasis on ZÐ µus and thÐ µ Olympians and on thÐ µ family Еrinys or ЕrinyÐ µs. Up to thÐ µ Cassandra, thÐ µ problÐ µm has bÐ µÃ µn AgamÐ µmnons guilt as sÐ µÃ µn in thÐ µ contÐ µxt of thÐ µ Trojan War and thÐ µ Olympians (ZÐ µus XÐ µnios as motivator of thÐ µ war, ArtÐ µmis as motivator of thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of IphigÐ µnia, thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk affront to thÐ µ Olympians by thÐ µir tÐ µmplÐ µ-dÐ µsÐ µcrations at Troy). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstras charactÐ µristics arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd only indirÐ µctly, by hints and by silÐ µncÐ µ. With Cassandra thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs of thÐ µ housÐ µ arÐ µ givÐ µn a dominating rolÐ µ (DovÐ µr, SomÐ µ NÐ µglÐ µctÐ µd AspÐ µcts of A gamÐ µmnon's DilÐ µmma, 139-140). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µs as thÐ µ Ð µvil gÐ µnius of thÐ µ trilogy In thÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ thÐ µ initial mÐ µntion of Apollo as thÐ µ chiÐ µf motivator of OrÐ µstÐ µs matricidÐ µ is supÐ µrsÐ µdÐ µd by thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð µmphasis of thÐ µ kommos, in which OrÐ µstÐ µs is sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ agÐ µnt of his fathÐ µrs rÐ µstlÐ µss spirit and thÐ µ family ЕrinyÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 78). His motivÐ µ is pÐ µrsonal vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ for thÐ µ horrors of his fathÐ µrs infamous dÐ µath and burial. HÐ µ sÐ µÃ µms for a momÐ µnt to cravÐ µ thÐ µ matricidÐ µ. At thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ murdÐ µr, whÐ µn thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µ shrinks to nothing and OrÐ µstÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms on thÐ µ point of rÐ µjÐ µcting thÐ µ snakÐ µ-rolÐ µ hÐ µ had voluntarily assumÐ µd, thÐ µ ApollinÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ rÐ µÃ µmÐ µrgÐ µs with PyladÐ µs dramatic brÐ µaking of his long silÐ µncÐ µ. At thÐ µ Ð µnd thÐ µ appÐ µarancÐ µ of thÐ µ FuriÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms to disrupt this thÐ µmÐ µ in an ambiguous and fÐ µarful conclusion in which oncÐ µ morÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µmons of thÐ µ housÐ µ assÐ µrt thÐ µir prÐ µdominancÐ µ. This is thÐ µ indispÐ µnsablÐ µ condition of thÐ µ confrontation of thÐ µ two divinÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs: thÐ µ trial and thÐ µ long final kommos bring thÐ µm to thÐ µ point of crisis and rÐ µconciliation (ConachÐ µr 80). To continuÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs has oftÐ µn bÐ µÃ µn lookÐ µd at as anthropological history, thÐ µ mythically disguisÐ µd clash of patriarchal and matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs. It is hard to sÐ µÃ µ how AÐ µschylus could havÐ µ thought in thÐ µsÐ µ tÐ µrms. Matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs had long bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxtinct Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µy had oncÐ µ Ð µxistÐ µd, a dubious hypothÐ µsis in itsÐ µlf. AÐ µschylus wantÐ µd to diffÐ µrÐ µntiatÐ µ thÐ µ primitivÐ µ and obscurÐ µ powÐ µrs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ from thÐ µ Ð µthical and rational Olympians and providÐ µ a solid thÐ µological basis for thÐ µ justicÐ µ of thÐ µ polis. ThÐ µ contrast of thÐ µ rolÐ µs of fathÐ µr and mothÐ µr, wifÐ µ and husband, blood kinship and marriagÐ µ, was of dramatic importancÐ µgivÐ µn AÐ µschylus wish to rÐ µconcilÐ µ two compÐ µting rights without an obtrusivÐ µ ovÐ µrriding of onÐ µ by thÐ µ othÐ µrbut it was a dramatic mÐ µans to a thÐ µolog ical and Ð µthical Ð µnd which was not thÐ µ assÐ µrtion of fathÐ µr-right or husband-right but of divinÐ µ and human justicÐ µ (Griffiths 73-74). In thÐ µ Ð µnd, AthÐ µna brÐ µaks thÐ µ dÐ µadlockÐ µd jury's tiÐ µ, and hÐ µr grounds arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µaling Following Apollo's proclamation that it is thÐ µ malÐ µ and not thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ who is thÐ µ truÐ µ parÐ µnt, and bÐ µaring in mind hÐ µr own birth (fully dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd from thÐ µ hÐ µad of hÐ µr fathÐ µr ZÐ µus), shÐ µ dÐ µcidÐ µs that thÐ µ claims of thÐ µ fathÐ µr trump thosÐ µ of thÐ µ mothÐ µr, justifying ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's dÐ µath. Now tamÐ µd, thÐ µ FuriÐ µs arÐ µ givÐ µn a nÐ µw namÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (Kindly OnÐ µs). Plainly AÐ µschylus concÐ µivÐ µs thÐ µ crÐ µation of rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt in AthÐ µns as thÐ µ antithÐ µsis not only of tyranny but also of a disordÐ µrÐ µd chaotic univÐ µrsÐ µ in which Ð µmotional and fÐ µmalÐ µ forcÐ µs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ paramount. ThÐ µ nÐ µw world will bÐ µ govÐ µrnÐ µd by ordÐ µrly, rational institutions plannÐ µd and staffÐ µd by mÐ µn, with vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ rÐ µplacÐ µd by justicÐ µ (ConachÐ µr 70-73). ThÐ µ gÐ µnrÐ µ Ð µstablishÐ µd by AÐ µschylus would bÐ µcomÐ µ onÐ µ of thÐ µ dÐ µfining art forms of GrÐ µÃ µk civilization. Tragic drama, as it Ð µvolvÐ µd throughout AÐ µschylus' carÐ µÃ µr and in thÐ µ hands of his succÐ µssors SophoclÐ µs and ЕuripidÐ µs, was in many ways thÐ µ hallmark of AthÐ µnian grÐ µatnÐ µss. Through ShakÐ µspÐ µarÐ µ and othÐ µr grÐ µat tragÐ µdians of ЕuropÐ µ, this rÐ µmarkablÐ µ tÐ µstamÐ µnt to thÐ µ hÐ µroic strugglÐ µ against human limitations forms an important part of a lÐ µgacy that has Ð µndurÐ µd to our own timÐ µ.

ATHENS Essays - Ancient Agora Of Athens, Athens, Free Essays

ATHENS Essays - Ancient Agora Of Athens, Athens, Free Essays ATHENS THE ANCIENT CITY OF ATHENS is a photographic archive of the archaeological and architectural remains of ancient Athens (Greece). It is intended primarily as a resource for students of classical languages, civilization, art, archaeology, and history at Indiana University who may wish to take a "virtual tour" of the chief excavated regions and extant monuments. We also hope that this site will be useful to all who have an interest in archaeological exploration and the recovery, interpretation, and preservation of the past. ?Copyright All of the images presented here are from the personal slide collection of Kevin T. Glowacki and Nancy L. Klein. You are free to download and use unmodified copies of these images for non-commercial purposes providing that you include a reference to this site and copyright notice. If you use any of these images for presentations or papers, or have any comments or suggestions, we would appreciate hearing from you by email or post. (We especially enjoy email from students & teachers in grade school & high school!) Indiana University Bloomington Home Page. IU Classical Studies Home Page. Archaeological Institute of America, Central Indiana Society Home Page. The WWWorld of Archaeology. (From ARCHAEOLOGY Magazine). Exploring Ancient World Cultures. ("An exhibition of WWW sites pertaining to ancient world cultures," by Anthony F. Beavers of the University of Evansville and Bill Hemminger.) Topography & Monuments of Ancient Athens When archaeologists use the term "topography" in their work, they usually mean a combination of several different subjects, including 1) the geography & natural resources of a country, 2) the architectural form of a city as it develops over several centuries or even millenia, and 3) the study of different functional areas within a city or its countryside, such as sanctuaries, civic centers, marketplaces, workshops, private houses, & cemeteries. A student of "topography" must be prepared to dabble in subjects such as architecture, art, literature, history, epigraphy, numismatics, religion, politics, physical anthropology, and geology, as well as having an understanding of the methodologies of archaeological excavation and regional survey. Hence, "topography" can be a truly interdisplinary adventure, full of all the things that make classical archaeology such an exciting field to study. One of the most important sources for the topography of Athens (in particular) and Greek archaeology (in general) is an eye-witness account written by the traveler Pausanias in the 2nd century A.D. Pausanias spent several years traveling throughout Greece and he recorded many fascinating details about the famous cities, temples, and monuments which were already considered ancient even in his own day! Athens was one of the first places he visited on his journey and his description of the city provides us with some invaluable clues about the location, form, decoration, function, and historical significance of many prominent monuments. (It provides us with some problems too, since the evidence from modern archaeological excavation does not always readily agree with what Pausanias records. Is it a matter of physical preservation? Or a problem with our methods of archaeological interpretation? Or could it be that sometimes Pausanias and/or his tour guides got a few of the "facts" mixed up a phenomenon all too familiar to any modern traveler who has tried to absorb all of the sights & sounds & history of one of the great cities of the world!). Of the many possible ways in which THE ANCIENT CITY OF ATHENS could have been organized, we have chosen to present the monuments in essentially the same order as they were visited by Pausanias. For each section, we have also provided a "link" to an English translation of Pausanias from the PERSEUS Project (a great website where you can learn much more about ancient Greek culture, literature, history, and art!). Although not everything mentioned by Pausanias has been preserved, and despite the fact that Pausanias tended to omit monuments of the Roman period (which were, after all, "modern" as far as he was concerned), we think that this is a natural and effective way to structure our "virtual tour" of the city. KALO TAXIDI! The Kerameikos: Kerameikos Cemetery, Public & Private Grave Monuments, "Themistoklean" Wall, Sacred Gate, Dipylon Gate, Pompeion. The Agora: Commercial & Civic Center of Ancient Athens: Royal Stoa, Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios, Temple of Apollo Patroos, Metroon, Bouleuterion, Tholos, Monument of the Eponymous Heroes, Hephaisteion, Altar of the 12 Gods, Stoa of Attalos, Church of the Holy Apostles. The Roman Agora, Tower of the Winds, & the Library of Hadrian: Gate of Athena Archegetis, Colonnade, Fountain, Propylon,

NON-EMERGENCY TRANSPORT PAYMENT PROCESS & GROWTH PowerPoint Presentation

NON-EMERGENCY TRANSPORT PAYMENT PROCESS & GROWTH - PowerPoint Presentation Example The company has some set objectives, solutions to problems, and set alternatives to better its services to customers. The breakdown is as depicted in the presentation. Destination care aims at providing better quality services to customers to widen its market share and productivity. The need to set objectives and work to achieve them is a key undertaking of the company, aimed at improving the quality of services offered. Destination Care has a vast focus on the expansion of market share, through widening the customer base. The company is consistently generating new ideas to help improve their revenue streams, and simultaneously better their servicing, public image, and productivity. One of the ways of improving their market share is through the introduction of a variety of payment options. Destination Care has experienced a limiting factor, which is offering only two payment options, cash, and checks. It has hindered the growth of the organization since more and more customers opt for other payment methods, such as the electronic methods. Customers prefer much-simplified systems, such as the electronic means, which is much convenient as opposed to checks where one must await their processing. The company also aims to widen its market coverage through social media promotion. The company plans to better its market share through informing potential customers about their services and new systems. Through this methodology, the company will maximize its revenues, initiated by the wider market for services. Destination Care has a major focus on simplifying their systems and making them easier to use. It will help improve their productivity and better their public image. One of the set plans to achieve this is the introduction of various payment options, which will enable customers to pay their bills easily and conveniently. The current payment systems hinder growth of the organization, and they limit its productivity since some of

Analysing case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysing case - Essay Example However, there are individual and organizational level factors that if taken into account would increase the likelihood for an employee to change in response to feedback. Individual precursors (IPs) There are five individual-level precursors that, when present, increase the likelihood that an employee will change in response to feedback. The five IPs are: 1) Awareness; 2) Sense of Necessity; 3) Confronting Change; 4) Willingness for feedback; and 5) Development Orientation. The central IP is awareness. Awareness is what makes an individual acknowledge that a problem exists and that it calls for change. Sense of necessity is the recognition that a change in behavior is important and that it has to be followed through. Confronting change is an extension to awareness but with a greater understanding of the steps needed to change. Willingness for feedback indicates emotional readiness for feedback and openness to frank opinions from others. Development orientation involves believing in s eeking development through trying new things and seeking learning opportunities (Silverman, Pogson, and Cober 141). Works cited Silverman, Stanley B, Corrie E Pogson, and Alana B Cober.