Amber Mileski Essays (694 words) - Hispanidad, Spanish Diaspora

Amber Mileski Essays (694 words) - Hispanidad, Spanish Diaspora Amber Mileski Intro Interpersonal Communication Professor Pantinas 23 February 2017 Intercultural Experience I have neighbors down the road that are Hispanic, I am not familiar with that culture at all. Yes, I know people who are Hispanic but, that doesn't mean I know their culture. My neighbor's daughter rides the bus with my daughter. The first step I took to improve my intercultural experience was going down to my neighbor's house and asking to speak with them for a little bit. I explained that I was interested in learning about their culture and wanted a better understanding of their everyday lives. The term Hispanic was first adopted by the United States government in the early 1970s, and has since been used in local and federal employment, mass media, academia, and business market research. It has been used in the U.S. Census since 1980. Because of the popularity of "Latino" in the western portion of the United States, the government adopted this term as well in 1997, and used it in the 2000 census. Religion plays a significant role in day-to-day life. More than 90 percent of the Spanish-speaking world is Roman Catholic. The first thing they started talking about was their cultural events. A couple of events they brought up was Day of the Dead , Hispanic Thanksgiving , and Cinco de Mayo. Celebrate Day of the Dead is one of the most mystical Hispanic holidays. It is a special occasion to celebrate life and to reunite with our deceased ones who are allowed to visit us on this day. Hispanic Thanksgiving is amongst Latinos in the U.S. is a celebration en Familia, like it is for many American families. They mix many of our foods with theirs to celebrate the holiday. Cinco de Mayo celebration includes eating Mexican food, toasting with margaritas, listening to Mariachis etc. Mr. Hernandez is my neighbor. He said when his daughter gets to a certain age they will throw her a Quinceanera. It's a celebration of a young girls coming of age- on her 15 th birthday. He said when they have a party, it's a very big party. Mr. Hernandez is from Albuquerque, New Mexico, the rest of his family is from here in the United States. After he had finished telling me about his cultural events, he went on to tell me some of his history and art from back home. A prime example of Hispanic influence is found at historic Old Town, where adobe buildings surround a central plaza, a common feature of Spanish colonial towns . Another one of the long-held Hispanic traditions is setting up luminaires sometimes called farolitos, on Christmas Eve in Old Town Plaza followed by midnight mass at San Felipe de Neri Church. A traditional luminaria is a brown paper bag, weighted by sand, with a lit votive candle inside. If you visit Albuquerque in December, don't miss the Luminaria Tour on Christmas Eve where hundreds of people wander through the golden glow of thousands of twinkling paper lanterns in Old Town and the surrounding neighborhoods. Another major contribution of Hispanic culture and customs to our city is in a wide variety of arts and crafts . M any artworks were created primarily for the church. Santos, or sacred images of Roman Catholicism, are one of the most popular and enduring Hispanic art forms. When listening to music or enjoying dance performances in Albuquerque, you'll often find an unmistakable Hispanic and Latino influence. You'll find plenty of salsa, mariachi, flamenco and Spanish classical performances throughout the city. Mr. Hernandez misses his family back home but is very grateful to be able to live here in the United States. I learned that their culture is very different from my culture. The Hispanic culture has parties for girls when they turn 15, my culture does not. We just celebrate each birthday every year. The communication is very different. They speak Spanish mostly in their home and in my home, we all speak English. I enjoyed sitting down and learning in depth of someone else's culture other than my own.

The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essays

The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essays The Signalman by Charles Dickens Paper The Signalman by Charles Dickens Paper Essay Topic: Literature The story The Signalman, by Charles Dickens, has the supernatural as its main theme. The author builds up a sense of fear and tension gradually to maintain the interest of the reader. Stories, which include supernatural events, were undoubtedly as popular in the Victorian times as they are today. This is probably because the reader enjoys being scared. During Victorian times railways were a relatively new invention. People saw trains as huge ogres, because most people did not know much about trains. This meant that some people feared them. An example of this is, Just then there came a vague vibration in the earth and air, quickly changing into a violent pulsation, and an on coming rush. This makes the train sounds as if it is alive by using personification. The narrator seems to feel disturbed by it. The author of, The Signalman, builds up a sinister atmosphere by using descriptive details. An example of this is where he tells us the, Cutting was extremely deep, and, Unusually precipitous. It was made through a clammy stone, that became oozier and wetter as I went down. This suggests that the cutting is very dark, eerie, and not a very nice place to be. The language used in the short story is in archaic form. The narrator says at the beginning of the story, Halloa below there, Halloa is not used within the English language today. Nowadays people would say Hello rather than Halloa. Using language such as this is very effective because people have not heard this form of archaic language in quite some time. The role of the narrator is to act as a person that the signalman can trust; he speaks to the signalman as if he is in a powerful position, and as if he is in a different class to the signalman, (The class system was more pronounced in Victorian times). He tries to find a rational explanation to what it was the signalman claims to have seen. Incredulity, because he begins to trust the signalman. He starts to think that there may be some truth in the signalmans story. He also starts to show some concern over the signalman and what he may be going through. Understanding, He begins to believe in what the signalman was telling him. Unfortunately this happened as the result as the signalmans death. One of the ways Charles Dickens builds up suspense for the reader is thee many warnings about what is going to happen to the signalman. The fist warning is the train crash in the tunnel. A crash in the tunnel would be most unfortunate. This is because the tunnel is dark, cold and harder for the fire service to get to the wreck, so the fire can spread quicker. The second warning was the bride being pushed or falling out of the train window. The last warning was a vision of the signalman standing on the tracks bent over and looking at something or someone in the corner next to the track. The Final warning is not in fact a warning; instead it was the signalmans death. This suddenly became more personal to the narrator than any of the other events; this is because the narrator knew the signalman, and what he was like. The signalmans character is a very interesting one. When you think of the education that is needed to be a signalman, than you may think of someone who has dropped out of school, or failed their exams. However this is not true with the signalman he was, A student of natural philosophy. The narrator found out that the signalman, Had run wild, missed his opportunities, gone down and never risen again. This shows us that the signalmans character was successful in his education, however he did not apply this academic ability to his choice of occupation. The relationship between the narrator and the signalman develops throughout the story. Starting form the beginning, when the signalman ignored the narrator. Halloa! Below there! Shouted the narrator, One would have thought, considering the nature of the ground, that he could not have doubted from what quarter came the voice; but instead of looking up to where I stood he turned himself and looked down the line, This adds to the sense of mystery as well as developing a curious friendship over the fact of the narrators intentions. I am not happy in opening any conversation. This shows that the signalman is a very private, and possibly vulnerable. It seems as if the signalman has been hurt by someone in the past, and so therefore is being very, if not over protective of himself, his belongings and his life that he leads and once lead. Then the signalman decides to confide in the narrator, I believe I used to be so, but I am troubled, sir, I am troubled. With What? What Is Your Trouble? It is very difficult to impart, sir. It is very, very difficult to speak of. If ever you make me another visit, I will try to tell you. Now the signalman asks him to come back, so this must mean that the narrator and the signalman must like each other, and because of this I would assume that they are more than friends. During the story there are several points, which could be considered as cliffhangers. This indicates to me that originally the story was split into several parts to make it serial. An example of one of these cliffhangers is, You had no feeling that they conveyed to you in any supernatural way? This shows a cliffhanger in the story. It also shows that the story could have been split into sections and put into a newspaper or magazine, in instalments. At the end of the story, The Signalman, The signalman is killed. There are a few explanations to his death. One is that he committed suicide. The evidence that I have found to back this up comes from the parts of the story where the bride was killed and the crash inside the tunnel. This is because he was very upset and depressed about the death and crashes that had happened on his part of the railway line. He was so depressed that the only way that he could see to stop his depression was to throw himself under a train, this was also to stop the guilt of all the lives that might have been able to save had he have been doing his job probably. The reader knows that the crash and the brides death was not the signalmans thought but thats not what the signalman thought. The second explanation is that he did not see the train because he was too busy dealing with what he though might have been a ghost beside the railway track. If this is the case then it was nothing more than a freak accident. If there was to be any blame passed than it would have to go to the signalman for standing in the middle of the railway tracks. However he cannot be blamed entirely. The train was coming out of a dark tunnel. Also the train was also painted black. Black the colour of darkness. So the train was easily camouflaged within the tunnel.

Data Analysis on Questionnaires (edit) Research Paper

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Human Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Capital - Essay Example In the current scenario, people are the differentiators of a business enterprise; human capital is the profit lever of the knowledge economy. Human capital is the combination of genetic inheritance, education, experience and attitude towards life and business (Bontis & Fitz-enz, 2002). Human capital is the source of innovation and strategy. Sustained competitive advantage can accrue from a pool of human capital. Human capital adds value and is not substitutable. With these factors in mind, IBM, world's leading IT hardware, software and services company has devised its own strategy for recruitment and selection. Gordon (2002), states that organizations encounter difficulties in recruiting and retaining top talent because they have yet to deal with today's most critical human resources issues. It is essential to create a talent powered company consisting of highly motivated, skilled and loyal employees because such companies not only recruit the best but also retain the best through employee-centered strategies. In toady's world compensation packages do not matter. What is important is for the managers to take responsibility for retaining the best people. Managers need to meet their employees to discuss workplace concerns and possible solutions. If the managers are able to identify what the employees value, then they have the key to retention strategy that does not rely solely on financial benefits. Person-Organization (P-O) fit is the new approach that attempts to understand the selection process as this is directly related to talent retention within the organization (Westerman & Cyr, 2004) . Research suggests that the recruiters' perception of fit is often inaccurate as they are more predictive of hiring decisions than the actual fit between an applicant and the organization. High employee turnover is a consequence of poor P-O fit. IBM however follows a different system of recruitment and selection and is able to retain talent. They believe in equal opportunity, in work force diversity, they believe in promoting women and also re-employing the older staff. While HR practices were traditionally performed internally, companies have increasingly started outsourcing such activities. Recruiting and selection (R&S) has gradually become one of the most outsourced HR functions (Ordanini & Silvestri, 2008). According to the transaction cost principle if the cost of using the market is lower than that of internal production, it should be outsourced. The resource based view suggests that internal resources should be utilized for core competencies otherwise the activity should be externalized to preserve the internal resources for core functions. Based on these theories it has been considered profitable to outsource R&S functions and IBM too has taken such steps. In order for organizations to develop an image of 'employer of choice', they have to tread carefully in outsourcing recruitment (Thite, 2004). Mills (2002) says it is impossible to run the recruitment process single-handedly while simultaneously developing the core business. It is advisable to outsource the primary candidate selection and the first round of interviews while keeping the final selection decision with the company. Outsourcing recruitment process alleviates the administrative burden of sourcing and screening candidates with the right skills but Fish and Macklin (2004) caution the HRM professionals must ensure that the service providers have knowledge, integrity,

Public Goods and Common Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Goods and Common Resources - Essay Example Turkey being the sixth largest textile industry in the world is losing its comparative advantage in the textile industry. The country is losing its comparative advantage due to loss of cheap labour advantage. The cost of labour escalates every year. Statistics indicate that the prices are currently five times that of China. Turkish textile industry has a comparative advantage over the Indian textile industry as a result of the wide market available. Its proximity to European countries makes it easy to reach out for consumers (Sugur, 2005). This gives the company advantage in transportation and access to a large market share. The professor may start a marketing firm. With the professor’s vast knowledge in economics, a marketing consultancy firm would be appropriate for him or her. This enables the professor to be an entrepreneur in a field he or she is quite sophisticated. The professor would provide consultancy services to the clients just as he or she taught while teaching in the

Issues In Project Management

Issues In Project Management This essay discusses about two major issues in projects and project management. The two major issues this essay going to discuss and analyse are the impacts of risks if they are not managed in a project and the importance of managing stakeholders in a project and project management. The essay also discusses about other issues in project management that were involved in the illustrated case studies. Risk management is one of the crucial requirements in any projects. Projects without risk management are questionable to its success level and the aftermath can be severe if the risks are of high negative impact. Risk is something that may happen unexpectedly in a project which creates positive or negative impacts to the result of the project. The probability of risk cannot be accurately predicted and so there should be a risk management plan in every project to handle the risks which cannot be avoided. The risk management plan involves risk identification, quantifying the risk into impact and probability, planning a response which includes avoiding, transferring, mitigating and accepting the risk and the final step in risk management plan is to monitor and control the plan. (Webb, 2010) This following section of the essay will discuss about what will happen if risks are not managed in a project with case studies. The first case study used is Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System. The following section explains the background of the case study followed by the issues that aroused due to poor project management which headed the project to be a complete chaos. Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System: Background: The Denver International Airport (DIA) baggage handling system was to be the worlds largest automated baggage system but it became a case of technology project failure. The DIA is the largest international airport in United States covering a land area of 140km and it is the third largest international airport in the world and it can handle more than 50 million passengers annually. (Calleam Consulting, 2008) The automated baggage system was the critical element of the plan. DIA would have been one of the competitive advantages airports providing more efficient operations by reducing the aircraft turnaround time to 30 minutes using this automated baggage system. The original plan was to make use of the automated baggage handling system all over the airport and it was more complex than what people actually believed. The system was planned to handle 88 airport gates in three concourses, seventeen miles of track and five miles of conveyor belts, 3100 standard carts, fourteen million feet of wiring, hundreds of computers connected in a network to control the flow, 5000 electric motors, 59 laser arrays, 400 radio receivers and 2700 photo cells. (Calleam Consulting, 2008). All these components explain how complex the automated baggage handler system is. The construction work of DIA started in November 1989. United Airlines signed and planned to use Concourse A as a hub and it engaged BEA systems to build the Concourse A automated baggage handler system who was the world leader in operating, installing and supplying baggage handling equipment. The project management team of DIA approached BEA to build the baggage system for all three concourses and for the whole airport to transfer baggage automatically. Issues: Massive problems started in building the baggage system which was very complex as they never thought of such complexity. Even though the airport was complete, it did not open as scheduled in October 1993 because of the problems in baggage system and the completed airport was idle for more than 16 months which also missed the opening dates in April and May, 1994 and the opening was delayed to March 1995. (Neufville) The DIA airport authorities arranged a demonstration of the baggage system for the media without informing BEA. There was complete disaster in the demonstration as the bags were crushed and clothes were thrown out from the bags. This was in April, 1994 and the opening was delayed to May, 1994. BEA systems claimed that the airport staff used the system incorrectly and there was no malfunction in the system. System testing was struggling and airport built a manual trolley system as per the log plans recommendation. The delays increased the cost for owners and airlines and huge amount of money was wasted due to the idle use of the airport. In August, 1994, DIA started fining BEA for further delays and not able to complete the system. The airport was opened on 25th February, 1995 with the automated baggage system implemented in single concourse instead of implementing in all the concourses. All other part of the airport used the manual trolley system since the automated baggage was not functioning as expected. The maintenance cost for the system which was not functioning properly was one million dollar per month and so they scrapped the whole system in August 2005 and implemented the manual system in all over the airport. (Calleam Consulting, 2008) Risks that were involved: There were many possibilities of risks in the above mentioned scenarios and one of the reasons why this project failed is due to ignorance of risk. The complexity of the baggage allowance system was underestimated. The project was initiated too late because of not understanding the risks involved in it and the complexity level of the system. Due to not understanding the complexity level, the project was planned to complete in two years which was insufficient to complete such a complex project and due to this the project team made lot of mistakes to meet the schedule which was impossible. Any automated baggage handler system is subject to risk. The failure cannot be said as a bad luck or due to lack of qualifications since the system was installed by BEA systems one of the best suppliers in baggage system. This complex project should be viewed as a research project and in a research project; success cannot be expected in a short time unless it is managed well. Although the airport project management team and BEA systems know that there is a big risk in completing the project in two years time, they started the project and they failed to identify all the major risks involved in proceeding with the complex project. Several managers of BEA advised the BEA senior management team that this complex project is a four year project and not a two year project. Both airports chief engineer and BEAs senior management team ignored the advice and continued with the project. The BEA management structure completely failed to recognize what kind of risk they were entering into by taking this project and committed to proceed with the project. If they have recognized, they would have at least taken steps to reduce the risks involved in this project and find some scope to achieve the goal of the project within the deadline. Some of the issues were unpredictable and since the airport project management team and BEA does not plan any risk management, the unpredictable issues created many impacts on the project since they does not know how to handle the issues. The project team couldnt manage not only the unpredictable issue, some predictable issue like major technical problem that encountered in the project was not able to be handled by the project team. This was due to lack of developing a proper risk management plan in the project. Importance of managing Stakeholders in a project: The other major mistake done by both airport project management team and BEA was excluding the airlines from the discussions who were the key stakeholders of this project. While making key project decisions, stakeholders should be included to produce a winning strategy. (Calleam Consulting, 2008). If the stakeholders are excluded previously and included finally, they will ask for significant changes in the project which leads to nullify the previous work done in the project. This was proved in this project when airlines asked for many changes like adding maintenance tracks and ski equipment racks; BEA and airport project management was forced to accept the changes since they initially avoided stakeholders from the negotiations although there was a term that no changes would be made. Case study Conclusion: The case study can be concluded from the above illustrations and discussions that the DIA baggage handling system project failed due to not understanding the complexity of the project, no risk management plan, poor stakeholder management, lack of communication, poor design and planning of the system and finally lack of management insight in the project which led Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System project to be an example for technology project failure. The next section of the essay will discuss about another case study related to risk management. The Second case study used is Heathrow Terminal 5 Chaos. The following sections explains the background of the case study followed by the issues that aroused due to poor risk management which headed the project to be a complete chaos. Heathrow Terminal 5 Chaos: Background: Public enquiry of Heathrow Airport fifth terminal building proposal started in May 1995 and ended in March 1999 with the longest public inquiry in British planning history costing eight million pounds in legal fees. The terminal was expected to complete by 30th, March 2008 after the approval from UK government. Three twenty million pounds were allocated for planning risks. The terminal includes everything from facilities to handle jumbo aircrafts, car parks, service tunnels, a complete transport interchange, a hotel, shops, catering, highest customer service and it can handle thirty million passengers a year. The Terminal 5 was constructed especially to concentrate by British Airways (BA) flights. (Hancock, 2009) Issues: The opening of Terminal 5 after fifteen years of planning and construction with spending 4.3 billion pounds should have been a great moment for British Airport Authority (BAA) and British Airways (BA) but it head to be one of the biggest chaos. The problem started when the terminal staffs couldnt reach there in time due to difficulty in parking their cars, the staff security screening and familiarisation was delayed too, which led to accumulation of baggage. Another major reason was the collapse of state-of-art baggage handling system due to technical problems which was designed to handle 12,000 baggage per hour. (BBC News, 2008) As a result, more than 23,000 bags were lost and 500 flights were cancelled. BA lost 16 million pounds in the first five days of operations. (Thomson, 2008). BA blamed that the staffs provided were not familiar with the new systems and only few staffs were provided to handle the baggage system. BAA said that the baggage got clogged due to few numbers of staffs from BA and not due to the baggage handler system. Later BAA spokeswoman agreed that there was some software problem in the baggage handler system and it is completely BAAs responsibility. (Hancock, 2009) BA claimed that it was preparing for the past three years to switch to Terminal 5 and thousands of staffs have been trained to handle the new system and they got delayed to their workstations due to the difficulty in parking their cars. (The Times, 2008). The British Airline Pilots Association (BALPA) wrote a letter to the government ministers and shareholders blaming all BA executives for the Heathrow Terminal 5 chaos including the chief executive. (Milmo, 2008) Risks that were involved: Risk turns to be an issue if it happens. If risks are not managed even after knowing the probability and impact of the risk is high, then there will be a chaos like in this case study. The chaos in Terminal 5 was due to poor management not only for few days but from the initial stage of the project especially lacking risk management. The project would have been a big success if there was risk management for this kind of mega project. There were already defects in the baggage handler system during the trail process before opening Terminal 5 and it was reported to BA. The simulations used a less amount of baggage, less passengers and handlers to test the system. BA management ignored the concerns. They didnt test the system properly and they ignored to manage the risk. They blamed each other instead of solving the problems. BAs chief executive admitted that they compromised testing due to the delays in building the terminal. The baggage handler staff spent much time in searching for the parking place due to wrong sign boards and directions. The staffs were not trained and not familiar to handle the baggage handler system which was another risk. BAs chief executive admitted that they didnt train staffs and didnt familiarize them. (Massey, 2008). Case study Conclusion: Although the Heathrow Terminal 5 project was completed on time and on budget, it is one of the major catastrophic disaster projects. If the systems were tested properly, staffs were trained and familiarisied and if risks have been managed properly, the Terminal 5 project would have been the most successful project. The case study can be concluded from the above illustrations and discussions that the risk management is one of the crucial requirements in project management and ignoring to manage them will lead to failure or disaster of projects like Heathrow Terminal 5 chaos. Case Study: Online shopping system: This is one of the case studies that I personally experienced while learning the module IT Project Management. This case study project was to develop a online shopping software system for the client Metro Super stores and the project was carried out with 8 project teams members including the project manager. We covered most of the issues in project management in the lecture and seminar sessions. This can be illustrated with one example about managing risk in this project. We were asked to come with the risk log for this case study and we discussed about all possibilities of risks that will affect this online shopping software development system. We created the risk log and quantified the risks using its impact on the project and probability of happening. It was a personal experience that taught me the real importance of risk management in project management. (Classroom experience, 2010) Conclusion In all the above produced case studies, the essay discussed and analysed the major issues related to project management involved within the case studies with illustrations of the issues and discussed with examples. From the case studies and illustrations, it is concluded that project management issues are vital to any kind of projects especially for mega projects like Heathrow Terminal 5 and Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System and the project would not succeed unless it is managed well. [Word Count: 2451] Bibliography BBC News. (2008, March 28). Other airports rocky starts . BBC News. (2008, March 30). What did go wrong at Terminal 5? . Calleam Consulting. (2008). Denver Airport Baggage Handling System Case Study Calleam Consulting. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from http://calleam.com: http://calleam.com/WTPF/wp-content/uploads/articles/DIABaggage.pdf Computerworld UK reporters. (08, March 27). Heathrow Terminal 5 chaos: RoundUp. Retrieved December 15, 2010, from http://www.computerworlduk.com: http://www.computerworlduk.com/in-depth/it-business/1268/heathrow-terminal-5-chaos-roundup/ Dunn, P. (2008). Courting Disaster. Retrieved December 14, 2010, from http://www.squarepegint.com: http://www.squarepegint.com/pdf/RecentResearch/CourtingDisasterFinal.pdf Experience, C. R. (2010). IT Project Management. Sheffield Hallam University. Hancock, D. (2009, May 8). Heathrow Terminal 5 Success or Failure? Retrieved 12 17, 2010, from http://www.slideshare.net/: http://www.slideshare.net/Hank5559/heathrow-terminal-5-success-or-failure Massey, R. (2008, May 08). BA chief Willie Walsh brands Heathrows Terminal 5 a national embarrassment. Milmo, D. (2008, April 8). Pilots slam BA management over Terminal 5 chaos. p. 1. Neufville, R. d. (n.d.). THE BAGGAGE SYSTEM AT DENVER:PROSPECTS AND LESSONS. Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://ardent.mit.edu: http://ardent.mit.edu/airports/ASP_papers/Bag%20System%20at%20Denver.PDF The Times. (2008, March 28). Terminal 5 launch disaster brings holiday chaos. Thomson, R. (2008, April 02). IT experts tackle baggage system problems at Heathrows Terminal 5. Retrieved December 18, 2010, from http://www.computerweekly.com: http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2008/04/02/230084/IT-experts-tackle-baggage-system-problems-at-Heathrow39s-Terminal.htm Webb, L. (2010). Lecture Slides. Retrieved December 16, 2010, from http://shuspace.shu.ac.uk: http://shuspace.shu.ac.uk Williams, C. (2010). Project Management: Risk Management. Retrieved December 15, 2010, from http://www.projectsmart.co.uk: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-management-risk-management.html Sheffield Hallam University Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering and Sciences IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT Individual Reflection 20/12/2010 Prasnnaa Kumar Nachimuthu B0045907 MSc Database Professional Introduction The purpose of this essay is to write about the individual reflection of my personal experience in the module IT Project Management held during Sep 2010 Dec 2010. This essay produces my learning experience and my experience of working in a team during this module which helps to reflect upon my learning experience in the module. This module has taught me many things about project management from how to manage a project as a project manager, how to be a good team player and work in team, and most of the topics in project management. This is one of the module I really enjoyed working with my tutors and all my colleagues. The tutors were really interactive with me and everyone in the class and all of the lectures and seminars were very interactive rather than a boring session. The interest of me in this module can be proved with my presence in all the lecture and seminar session without missing a single lecture or tutorial session from the beginning to end of this module. The beginning week of the lecture explained me about this module, project and its definition. The later seminar session involved practical teaching of knowing more about project and I was put into a group. Every week, I learnt a new topic about project management and understood how to act to issues in real time environment. For example, in one of my lecture session, I was given a case study about the problems involved in the biggest building in Sheffield. We understood the case study and I was asked to be in a group to work as a developer of the building and come out with possible solutions to answer the problems of the buyers of the building which consist of my colleagues in another group. While working in the group like a developer, I was thinking as I am the real developer and was trying to come out with possible solutions with my other colleagues in the group. Then I, with my colleagues as developers met the buyers group and answered the possible solutions thinking them as the real buyers. After the session, I was completely satisfied that I have learnt something today. This is one of the examples, and every week, due to working in a group, helped me to handle the issues and answer the project board as a project manager and also ask questions to project manager as a project board member. I had the opportunity to produce the first assignment as a group work. I was the project manager in the group and had to assign the task in which I found it easy because we had breakdown the tasks, worked on it individually, discussed and produced the final document prior to the deadline. Conclusion I conclude from the above produced illustrations of my personal experience that I am completely satisfied the way the module was taught to me and I enjoyed working with my colleagues in a team. I personally thank my tutors for teaching me the project management skills in an interesting, interacting and practical way and I would definitely recommend this module to my colleagues. [Word Count: 529]

Themes of the Odyssey :: essays research papers

Throughout the Odyssey there are many themes that Homer uses to portray different people and events. To name a few, there are the themes of Betrayal and Revenge,Greed and Glutony, Hospitality, Role of the Gods and Wealth (the amount of money one had determined the status he held in the greek society, and this explains Odysseus's love for plunder). To start with the most common one, the role of the gods, one can see many such allusions thrown all over the odyssey. The epic poem starts in Mt.Olympus where the gods are discussing what will happen to Odysseus , Master mariner and warrior of Ithaka. As it so happens he is on the island of Kalypso, one of the lesser gods. Also, as Odysseus travels, one learns about the role of the gods in not only his travels but other peoples ones too. Agisthos, the man who stole Agamemnon's wife and killed him, was sent a message from Zeus by Hermes, giving him the information of what will happen if he kills him. Also, Menelaus, the red haired king of war, had to wrestle with a sea-god in order to gain acceptance and sail all the way back to his homeland of Sparta, and find news about the rest of his companions. He would not find out about his brothers demise until he got home. The next two themes are interelated, Betrayal and Revenge, with Greed and Glutony.THe gods punish those who show greed and glutony, but that does not mean that they cannot be punished as well. A prime example of this is when Posiedon is out feasting among the 'sun-burnt' races that were deemed to be his own. While he was feasting, Odysseus escaped the island of Kalypso, something that Poseidon did not like and was to late to stop from happening. While he was being gluttanos and eating all that food, Odysseus had escaped. Another example would be the murder of Agamemnon. Agisthos was greedy and wanted money and status, as well as Agamemnon's wife and Agamemnon's wife betrayed Agamemnon when she went off with him and even more so when they both killed him. However, the theme of Betrayal is often closely followed by the theme of Revenge. Agamemnon's son, Orestes, would go back and avenge his father's death, killing Agisthos and his mother even though later on in greek mythology he knew he would be punished for killing her.

Egypt and Mesopotamia Essay

Most societies that developed in ancient civilizations were centered around their belief systems. The Egyptians and the Mesopotamians were no different in this sense. Both civilizations were polytheistic and built elaborate temples to praise their gods. Additionally, the leaders in both regions were believed to be related to the gods because of the great power they held and the wealth under their control. However, the Mesopotamians had a pessimistic outlook on life because of the unpredictability of their environment. The Egyptians, on the other hand, had an optimistic outlook because the Nile River inundated their region regularly, which could be predicted by the stars. The similarities and differences in the religions of these two regions may be attributable to the relative geographical isolationism of the two areas, which allowed them to develop without the influence of outside cultures. Both ancient cultures built sophisticated monuments to praise their gods. The Egyptians constructed a vast network of impressive temples to honor their many gods, each of which had an elite staff of priests whose job was to care for the temple and the gods. One of the most prominent temples was Abu Simbel, which was carved out of the side of a cliff and had four giant statues of Ramses, the â€Å"Alexander the Great† of Egypt, guarding the entrance. Another notable example was the mortuary temple of King Khufu at Giza, which had polished limestone floors and ornately painted columns. The Mesopotamians built ziggurats to glorify their gods, which were considered â€Å"stairways to heaven.† One of the most famous ziggurats was the enormous, complex structure built at Ur which reached up to almost 100 feet. It was erected to honor the moon goddess Nanna, the divine patron of the city state. The gods were central to both cultures and, as a result, much time was devoted to constructing and maintaining their monuments. The importance of the gods in their cultures was also reflected in their political structure. Both societies believed that their leaders were somehow related to their gods. The Egyptians believed that their pharaohs were the reincarnation of the sun god Re, the chief god who held the most power of all of the gods. This was believed because the pharaohs had immense power, governed huge areas of lands, and controlled vast resources such as gold and slaves. The pharaohs also elevated their status by building huge structures to the gods that seemed to transcend their earthly life, such as the pyramids and temples. The pharaohs used ordinary Egyptians to build the pyramids, not slaves, because the Egyptians wanted to please the god king so they would be guaranteed a place in the afterlife. The pharaohs also conquered thousands of square miles of land through military victories which seemed almost impossible for mere mortals. Similarly, the Mesopotamian kings were believed to be the sons of gods. The god the kings were related to depended on the city state’s main god, which was usually Anu. The king was also the chief priest which continued the relationship, keeping them close to the gods. The kings took on massive public works projects as well as military conquests which further cemented this belief. Because of the importance of the gods to these societies, their leaders were raised to a â€Å"godly† status as a reflection of their significance and as a result of their many accomplishments, which also gave the people a more tangible connection to the gods. While both societies honored their gods and saw their leaders related to the gods, the Mesopotamians had a pessimistic outlook on life because they believed that the actions of their gods were unforeseeable while the Egyptians had an optimistic outlook on life because they believed their gods were predictable. The Mesopotamians beliefs arose because their region had an unstable environment. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers often overflowed their banks in flash floods, ruining farmland and houses as well as killing people and livestock. The environment also varied when they had droughts that led to famines and then regular rainfall which gave them food surpluses. In addition, the major factor that ended this civilization was the environmental decline because of over farming which led to an ecological disaster that still plagues this region to this day. The Egyptians, on the other hand, believed that their gods were predictable because their environment was very unsurprising. They could forecast the inundation of the Nile River by looking at the stars. As a result, they believed the gods were telling them things through the stars. Therefore, their priests often looked to the heavens for answers, blending science into their religion and resulting in a certain amount of control over their lives. But because everything that happened was attributed to the gods, the outlook on life for both societies was closely linked to the region they lived and the problems that were encountered. The gods were central to both Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies. The architecture of both regions reflected the religious symbols that were instrumental to the faith of the people. The leaders in both societies were considered to be related to the gods because of the amazing structures they built and the accomplishments they achieved. Finally, the perception of life was determined by environmental factors that shaped the peoples view of how their gods treated them. At the heart of their religions, the Egyptians and Mesopotamians were focused on pleasing their gods so that they would be rewarded and anything bad that happened was attributed to not satisfying the gods. Unaffected by outside influences, these civilizations shared many similarities in how their religions shaped their cultures but also had differences which arose from the impact of their geographical location.

Analyzing Thе Orеstеia by Aеschylus as thе Political Play

Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play Analyzing ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia by AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ Political Play AÐ µschylus' grÐ µatÐ µst surviving achiÐ µvÐ µmÐ µnt is thÐ µ trilogy known as thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, which trÐ µats thÐ µ suprÐ µmÐ µ difficulty of undÐ µrstanding and obtaining a just social and rÐ µligious ordÐ µr. ApparÐ µntly thÐ µ sÐ µts of four dramas that playwrights Ð µntÐ µrÐ µd in thÐ µ compÐ µtition gÐ µnÐ µrally involvÐ µd thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs followÐ µd by a lightÐ µr work known as a satyr play, but thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ tragÐ µdiÐ µs did not nÐ µÃ µd to trÐ µat thÐ µ samÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ, and frÐ µquÐ µntly thÐ µy didn't. In thÐ µ casÐ µ of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, howÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ thrÐ µÃ µ plays comprisÐ µ onÐ µ grand and complÐ µx drama, and this work is thÐ µ only Attic trilogy that Ð µscapÐ µd dÐ µstruction to bÐ µ Ð µnjoyÐ µd today (ConachÐ µr 56). ThÐ µ point of origin for thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia was Ð µvidÐ µntly ЕphialtÐ µs' rÐ µstriction of thÐ µ powÐ µrs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagitÐ µ Council, for thÐ µ trilogy culminatÐ µs in prÐ µcisÐ µly thÐ µ sort of trial that rÐ µmainÐ µd within thÐ µ Council's purviÐ µwa murdÐ µr trial. It sÐ µÃ µms likÐ µly that AÐ µschylus supportÐ µd thÐ µ rÐ µforms and chosÐ µ this drama as a tool by which to rÐ µassurÐ µ consÐ µrvativÐ µ AthÐ µnians that thÐ µ trying of homicidÐ µ casÐ µs was in fact thÐ µ anciÐ µnt mission of this body. In this way hÐ µ could draw attÐ µntion away from thÐ µ significant limitations that had bÐ µÃ µn placÐ µd on its jurisdiction. ThÐ µ matÐ µrial with which AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to convÐ µy his mÐ µssagÐ µ was thÐ µ familiar talÐ µ of thÐ µ cursÐ µd housÐ µ of thÐ µ anciÐ µnt hÐ µro PÐ µlops and his dÐ µscÐ µndant AgamÐ µmnon, commandÐ µr-in-chiÐ µf of thÐ µ lÐ µgÐ µndary Ð µxpÐ µdition against Troy (ConachÐ µr 59). This papÐ µr, by rÐ µfÐ µrring to thÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µs and charactÐ µrs prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in AÐ µschylus ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia, sÐ µÃ µks to analyzÐ µ AÐ µschylus as thÐ µ dramatist and poÐ µt; and aims to study thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia as thÐ µ political play, focusing on thÐ µ mÐ µthods and tools usÐ µd by thÐ µ author to convÐ µy thÐ µ social and political mÐ µssagÐ µ of thosÐ µ days. ThÐ µ first play, AgamÐ µmnon, portrays thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk gÐ µnÐ µral's murdÐ µr upon his victorious rÐ µturn from thÐ µ Trojan War in a plot hatchÐ µd by his faithlÐ µss wifÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and his cousin AÐ µgisthus, who has bÐ µcomÐ µ ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's lovÐ µr. AgamÐ µmnon's murdÐ µr posÐ µs an agonizing dilÐ µmma for his childrÐ µn OrÐ µstÐ µs and ЕlÐ µctra, for thÐ µy arÐ µ facÐ µd with a choicÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn killing thÐ µir mothÐ µr and allowing thÐ µir fathÐ µr's dÐ µath to go unpunishÐ µd. ThÐ µir pain and OrÐ µstÐ µs' Ð µvÐ µntual murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra and AÐ µgisthus form thÐ µ subjÐ µct mattÐ µr of thÐ µ sÐ µcond play, ThÐ µ Libation BÐ µarÐ µrs. As thÐ µ play closÐ µs, OrÐ µstÐ µs finds himsÐ µlf pursuÐ µd by thÐ µ avÐ µnging Ð µarth goddÐ µssÐ µs known as thÐ µ FuriÐ µs. His suffÐ µring Ð µnds in thÐ µ final play, ThÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs. This play is sÐ µt in AthÐ µns, whÐ µ rÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µs has takÐ µn rÐ µfugÐ µ, hoping that a rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt will afford him a fair trial. AthÐ µna's chargÐ µ to thÐ µ jury proclaims thÐ µ gloriÐ µs of thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus, thÐ µ importancÐ µ of justicÐ µ, and thÐ µ cÐ µntrality of law. To continuÐ µ, as a drama and a poÐ µm thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is oftÐ µn analyzÐ µd by critics in tÐ µrms of its consistÐ µncy It brings thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia to a conclusion; but its account of AthÐ µns and thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus sÐ µÃ µms to many scholars inspirÐ µd morÐ µ by patriotism than a sÐ µnsÐ µ of dramatic unity. HÐ µncÐ µ much attÐ µntion has bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvotÐ µd to AÐ µschylus supposÐ µd political mÐ µssagÐ µ in thÐ µ play. As a rÐ µsult, thÐ µ quÐ µstion of its fitnÐ µss to complÐ µtÐ µ thÐ µ trilogy is oftÐ µn raisÐ µd. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, thosÐ µ whosÐ µ concÐ µrn is with AÐ µschylus poÐ µtry tÐ µnd to ignorÐ µ his politics. In 1960 Е. R. Dodds publishÐ µd an articlÐ µ callÐ µd Morals and Politics in thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia. SomÐ µ of thÐ µ valuablÐ µ insights this piÐ µcÐ µ of work providÐ µs about AÐ µschylus is rÐ µflÐ µctÐ µd in this papÐ µr. Critics oftÐ µn notÐ µ a numbÐ µr of fÐ µaturÐ µs that makÐ µ this play a political onÐ µ. First, it is important to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ concÐ µpt of politiÐ µs WhÐ µn it is said of thÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia that thÐ µ play has a political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt, that usually mÐ µans that it is commÐ µnting on thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts of thÐ µ writÐ µrs timÐ µ; it is clÐ µarly in that sÐ µnsÐ µ that Dodds usÐ µs thÐ µ tÐ µrm (Dodd 48). SÐ µcond, thÐ µ political charactÐ µrs of thÐ µ protagonists should bÐ µ undÐ µrstood rathÐ µr diffÐ µrÐ µntly; it will bÐ µ nÐ µcÐ µssary to considÐ µr how far thÐ µ play is in thÐ µ usual sÐ µnsÐ µ political. Third, it is Ð µssÐ µntial to closÐ µly Ð µxaminÐ µ of a numbÐ µr of individual passagÐ µs to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ political Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt in thÐ µm. 1. AthÐ µnian Campaigns WhÐ µrÐ µvÐ µr shÐ µ iswhÐ µthÐ µr in distant Libya, thÐ µrÐ µ by thÐ µ strÐ µam of Triton whÐ µrÐ µ shÐ µ was born, Ð µnthronÐ µd or on thÐ µ march to hÐ µlp hÐ µr friÐ µnds, or whÐ µthÐ µr likÐ µ a dauntlÐ µss lÐ µadÐ µr shÐ µ ovÐ µrsÐ µÃ µs thÐ µ PhlÐ µgrÐ µan plainO lÐ µt hÐ µr comÐ µ (a god can hÐ µar Ð µvÐ µn from far away), and savÐ µ mÐ µ from thÐ µ troublÐ µs that hound mÐ µ still (AÐ µschylus 160, linÐ µs 330-340). Dodds suggÐ µsts that in this passagÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ is an allusion to thÐ µ AthÐ µnians who wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µn fighting in thÐ µ NilÐ µ DÐ µlta on bÐ µhalf of thÐ µ Libyans (49-50). SpÐ µaking about thÐ µ charactÐ µrs, thÐ µ author arguÐ µs that if Akamas and DÐ µmophons valuablÐ µs in thÐ µ Ð µpic wÐ µrÐ µ purÐ µly privatÐ µ onÐ µs, hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ trÐ µasurÐ µ is a piÐ µcÐ µ of land for thÐ µ wholÐ µ stalÐ µ. Now thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ strugglÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn MitylÐ µnÐ µ and AthÐ µns ovÐ µr SigÐ µum in thÐ µ sixth cÐ µntury; possibly this piÐ µcÐ µ of mythology was invÐ µntÐ µd to support AthÐ µns claims thÐ µn (Dodds 51). But thÐ µsÐ µ linÐ µs do not rÐ µfÐ µr, so far as wÐ µ know, to any spÐ µcific disputÐ µs or battlÐ µs at thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ play. ThÐ µir purposÐ µ is rathÐ µr to point back from a distancÐ µ to thÐ µ sack of Troy which bulkÐ µd so largÐ µ in thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon (Dodds 52). ThÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µstruction of thÐ µ town madÐ µ thÐ µ AtridaÐ µ guilty, Ð µvÐ µn as thÐ µy triumphÐ µd, and it lÐ µd to a divinÐ µ punishmÐ µnt for thÐ µ AchaÐ µans as a wholÐ µ, thÐ µ storm which shattÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µir flÐ µÃ µt. HÐ µncÐ µ, whÐ µn thÐ µ mÐ µssÐ µngÐ µr tÐ µlls of that storm hÐ µ comparÐ µs his words to thÐ µ nÐ µws of a city conquÐ µrÐ µd (linÐ µ 526): it is a victory-hymn of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs for thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µks. But hÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ sack of Troy is thÐ µ causÐ µ of an honorablÐ µ rÐ µward: thÐ µ AthÐ µnians havÐ µ conquÐ µrÐ µd, but conquÐ µst for thÐ µm is not ruinÐ µd by thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs guilt (DovÐ µr 164). Thus thÐ µrÐ µ is hÐ µrÐ µ a myth corrÐ µsponding to thÐ µ formation of thÐ µ alliancÐ µ with Argos latÐ µr in thÐ µ play: both show a unitÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ gÐ µtting a just rÐ µward for thÐ µir labors (DovÐ µr 166). FurthÐ µr, both storiÐ µs validatÐ µ somÐ µthing about contÐ µmporary AthÐ µns, onÐ µ of hÐ µr tÐ µrritorial claims or onÐ µ of hÐ µr alliancÐ µs; and that also appliÐ µs to thÐ µ account of how thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus and thÐ µ cult of thÐ µ SÐ µmnai wÐ µrÐ µ sÐ µt up, which is thÐ µ mythical chartÐ µr for two of hÐ µr institutions. 2. ThÐ µ ArgivÐ µ AlliancÐ µ And now bÐ µforÐ µ I lÐ µavÐ µ for homÐ µ, I swÐ µar to your country and your pÐ µoplÐ µ, now and forÐ µvÐ µr, up to thÐ µ fullÐ µst ripÐ µning of timÐ µ that no hÐ µlmsman of my rÐ µalm, spÐ µar poisÐ µd for battlÐ µ, will comÐ µ against thÐ µm I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats But only if thÐ µy kÐ µÃ µp an upright coursÐ µ, and givÐ µ Ð µnduring honor to thÐ µ city of Pallas with thÐ µir loyal spÐ µars, will I rÐ µmain a blÐ µssing to thÐ µm (AÐ µschylus 178, linÐ µs 880-890). It is gÐ µnÐ µrally agrÐ µÃ µd that this passagÐ µ impliÐ µs approval of thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC, which rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µd thÐ µ pro-Spartan policiÐ µs of Cimon, thÐ µ lÐ µading consÐ µrvativÐ µ at AthÐ µns at thÐ µ timÐ µ, and rÐ µsultÐ µd in a radical dÐ µmocracy (Goldhill 37-39). HowÐ µvÐ µr, somÐ µ scholars notÐ µ that thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is also a motif which forms a significant part of AÐ µschylus play (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 67-68). Paris guilt, his offÐ µncÐ µ against hospitality, brought war bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Argos and his own city: AthÐ µns, which has frÐ µÃ µd OrÐ µstÐ µs from guilt, is now bound by an Ð µtÐ µrnal alliancÐ µ to his city. AlliancÐ µ is prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd hÐ µrÐ µ as a rÐ µlationship of hospitality in its military aspÐ µct (SommÐ µrstÐ µin 70). MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ phrasÐ µ I'll sap thÐ µ spirit from thÐ µir marchÐ µs, and bÐ µsÐ µt thÐ µir way with ominous wingbÐ µats, so that thÐ µy rÐ µg rÐ µt thÐ µy Ð µvÐ µr did what thÐ µy havÐ µ donÐ µ rÐ µcalls thÐ µ situation at Aulis dÐ µscribÐ µd in thÐ µ story of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon: thÐ µ bad omÐ µn of thÐ µ Ð µaglÐ µ and thÐ µ harÐ µ, thÐ µ gloom of thÐ µ AchaÐ µan troops and thÐ µir lÐ µadÐ µrs hopÐ µlÐ µss dÐ µcision. Similarly, if in AgamÐ µmnons casÐ µ rÐ µspÐ µct for his alliÐ µs lÐ µd to a crimÐ µ, thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of his daughtÐ µr, thÐ µ ArgivÐ µs rÐ µspÐ µct for thÐ µir alliancÐ µ with AthÐ µns will bring thÐ µm good fortunÐ µ (Dodds 56-57). FurthÐ µr, OrÐ µstÐ µs position should bÐ µ comparÐ µd to that of thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs: thÐ µy rÐ µmain, hÐ µ goÐ µs homÐ µ. This alliancÐ µ is a continuing rÐ µlationship which Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs both partiÐ µs gratitudÐ µ Both also arÐ µ to protÐ µct thÐ µ city for thÐ µ futurÐ µ and bring it victory. In othÐ µr words, thÐ µ alliancÐ µ will savÐ µ it in war, thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs will guarantÐ µÃ µ its intÐ µrnal harmony and prospÐ µrity. Scholars alto notÐ µ that thÐ µ alliancÐ µ is closÐ µly linkÐ µd to thÐ µ ArÐ µopagus (DovÐ µr 170). In short, what is significant about thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ is not what it impliÐ µs about AÐ µschylus political viÐ µws, but what it rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts within his dramatic crÐ µation. It is a good and guiltlÐ µss rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn statÐ µs; it is thÐ µ Ð µxprÐ µssion of OrÐ µstÐ µs gratitudÐ µ; and it is onÐ µ guarantÐ µÃ µ of AthÐ µns safÐ µty. AbovÐ µ all, it rÐ µflÐ µcts, but rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µs, thÐ µ horrors and suffÐ µrings of thÐ µ past (DovÐ µr 171). It is somÐ µtimÐ µs hÐ µld that AÐ µschylus chosÐ µ to sÐ µt thÐ µ cÐ µntÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnons kingdom in Argos rathÐ µr than in MycÐ µnaÐ µ in ordÐ µr to prÐ µparÐ µ for an allusion to thÐ µ ArgivÐ µ alliancÐ µ of 462 BC in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 24-25). That is no doubt truÐ µ as far as it goÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µ tÐ µrm allusion in such a contÐ µxt nÐ µÃ µds carÐ µful dÐ µfinition. YÐ µt, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ also artistic rÐ µasons for this choicÐ µ. AÐ µschylus rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts AgamÐ µmnon and MÐ µnÐ µlaus as rÐ µigning togÐ µthÐ µr in Argos, a notion hÐ µ dÐ µrivÐ µd from somÐ µ passagÐ µs in thÐ µ OdyssÐ µy. Argos is a suitablÐ µ placÐ µ for this joint rulÐ µ, bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ city carriÐ µs thÐ µ samÐ µ namÐ µ as thÐ µ wholÐ µ rÐ µgion thÐ µ two AtridaÐ µ govÐ µrn, and bÐ µcausÐ µ it is not thÐ µ traditional sÐ µat of Ð µithÐ µr of thÐ µm; so to sÐ µt thÐ µir kingdom thÐ µrÐ µ avoids subordinating onÐ µ to thÐ µ othÐ µr (ConachÐ µr 34). RÐ µturning to thÐ µ discussion of litÐ µrary Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts that, in addition to political fÐ µaturÐ µs of thÐ µ play, form a largÐ µ part of OrÐ µstÐ µia, it is critical to analyzÐ µ AgamÐ µmnons guilt and its consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs. In this rÐ µgard, onÐ µ may notÐ µ that AgamÐ µmnons guilt bÐ µlong to thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ. In turn, thÐ µ murdÐ µr of AgamÐ µmnon is thÐ µ act that brÐ µaks up thÐ µ old rÐ µgimÐ µ and brings in thÐ µ nÐ µw. This givÐ µs thÐ µ tragÐ µdy of AgamÐ µmnon its pÐ µculiar charactÐ µr and dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µs its uniquÐ µ tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ and ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs, as consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, wÐ µrÐ µ bound to possÐ µss a diffÐ µrÐ µnt charactÐ µr and tÐ µchniquÐ µ. ThÐ µ murdÐ µr of ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra plays a diffÐ µrÐ µnt rolÐ µ and has a diffÐ µrÐ µnt dramatic function from that of AgamÐ µmnon, and thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs is thÐ µ non-tragic rÐ µsolution of both. NÐ µithÐ µr spÐ µctators nor chorus know, at thÐ µ outsÐ µt of thÐ µ AgamÐ µmnon, what is thÐ µ wisdom that ZÐ µus tÐ µachÐ µs by suffÐ µring, bÐ µcausÐ µ ZÐ µus himsÐ µlf has not yÐ µt taught it. ThÐ µ suffÐ µring of AgamÐ µmnon not only illustratÐ µs a moral principlÐ µ, it sÐ µts in motion thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts which crÐ µatÐ µ a nÐ µw moral principlÐ µ and clarify thÐ µ ambiguity of thÐ µ old principlÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µ is a diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn total tragÐ µdy and tragÐ µdy that is simply onÐ µ morÐ µ illustration of thÐ µ doubtful naturÐ µ of mankind (BowiÐ µ 22-24). Critics claim that thÐ µ rÐ µlation of thÐ µ structural diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs to thÐ µ Ð µthical-thÐ µological diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs of thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt plays in thÐ µ trilogy is clÐ µar (ConachÐ µr 62). ThÐ µ OrÐ µstÐ µia altÐ µrnatÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn an Ð µmphasis on ZÐ µus and thÐ µ Olympians and on thÐ µ family Еrinys or ЕrinyÐ µs. Up to thÐ µ Cassandra, thÐ µ problÐ µm has bÐ µÃ µn AgamÐ µmnons guilt as sÐ µÃ µn in thÐ µ contÐ µxt of thÐ µ Trojan War and thÐ µ Olympians (ZÐ µus XÐ µnios as motivator of thÐ µ war, ArtÐ µmis as motivator of thÐ µ sacrificÐ µ of IphigÐ µnia, thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ µk affront to thÐ µ Olympians by thÐ µir tÐ µmplÐ µ-dÐ µsÐ µcrations at Troy). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstras charactÐ µristics arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd only indirÐ µctly, by hints and by silÐ µncÐ µ. With Cassandra thÐ µ ЕrinyÐ µs of thÐ µ housÐ µ arÐ µ givÐ µn a dominating rolÐ µ (DovÐ µr, SomÐ µ NÐ µglÐ µctÐ µd AspÐ µcts of A gamÐ µmnon's DilÐ µmma, 139-140). ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µs as thÐ µ Ð µvil gÐ µnius of thÐ µ trilogy In thÐ µ ChoÐ µphoroÐ µ thÐ µ initial mÐ µntion of Apollo as thÐ µ chiÐ µf motivator of OrÐ µstÐ µs matricidÐ µ is supÐ µrsÐ µdÐ µd by thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð µmphasis of thÐ µ kommos, in which OrÐ µstÐ µs is sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ agÐ µnt of his fathÐ µrs rÐ µstlÐ µss spirit and thÐ µ family ЕrinyÐ µs (ConachÐ µr 78). His motivÐ µ is pÐ µrsonal vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ for thÐ µ horrors of his fathÐ µrs infamous dÐ µath and burial. HÐ µ sÐ µÃ µms for a momÐ µnt to cravÐ µ thÐ µ matricidÐ µ. At thÐ µ timÐ µ of thÐ µ murdÐ µr, whÐ µn thÐ µ dÐ µsirÐ µ shrinks to nothing and OrÐ µstÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms on thÐ µ point of rÐ µjÐ µcting thÐ µ snakÐ µ-rolÐ µ hÐ µ had voluntarily assumÐ µd, thÐ µ ApollinÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ rÐ µÃ µmÐ µrgÐ µs with PyladÐ µs dramatic brÐ µaking of his long silÐ µncÐ µ. At thÐ µ Ð µnd thÐ µ appÐ µarancÐ µ of thÐ µ FuriÐ µs sÐ µÃ µms to disrupt this thÐ µmÐ µ in an ambiguous and fÐ µarful conclusion in which oncÐ µ morÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µmons of thÐ µ housÐ µ assÐ µrt thÐ µir prÐ µdominancÐ µ. This is thÐ µ indispÐ µnsablÐ µ condition of thÐ µ confrontation of thÐ µ two divinÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts in thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs: thÐ µ trial and thÐ µ long final kommos bring thÐ µm to thÐ µ point of crisis and rÐ µconciliation (ConachÐ µr 80). To continuÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs has oftÐ µn bÐ µÃ µn lookÐ µd at as anthropological history, thÐ µ mythically disguisÐ µd clash of patriarchal and matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs. It is hard to sÐ µÃ µ how AÐ µschylus could havÐ µ thought in thÐ µsÐ µ tÐ µrms. Matriarchal sociÐ µtiÐ µs had long bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxtinct Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µy had oncÐ µ Ð µxistÐ µd, a dubious hypothÐ µsis in itsÐ µlf. AÐ µschylus wantÐ µd to diffÐ µrÐ µntiatÐ µ thÐ µ primitivÐ µ and obscurÐ µ powÐ µrs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ from thÐ µ Ð µthical and rational Olympians and providÐ µ a solid thÐ µological basis for thÐ µ justicÐ µ of thÐ µ polis. ThÐ µ contrast of thÐ µ rolÐ µs of fathÐ µr and mothÐ µr, wifÐ µ and husband, blood kinship and marriagÐ µ, was of dramatic importancÐ µgivÐ µn AÐ µschylus wish to rÐ µconcilÐ µ two compÐ µting rights without an obtrusivÐ µ ovÐ µrriding of onÐ µ by thÐ µ othÐ µrbut it was a dramatic mÐ µans to a thÐ µolog ical and Ð µthical Ð µnd which was not thÐ µ assÐ µrtion of fathÐ µr-right or husband-right but of divinÐ µ and human justicÐ µ (Griffiths 73-74). In thÐ µ Ð µnd, AthÐ µna brÐ µaks thÐ µ dÐ µadlockÐ µd jury's tiÐ µ, and hÐ µr grounds arÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µaling Following Apollo's proclamation that it is thÐ µ malÐ µ and not thÐ µ fÐ µmalÐ µ who is thÐ µ truÐ µ parÐ µnt, and bÐ µaring in mind hÐ µr own birth (fully dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd from thÐ µ hÐ µad of hÐ µr fathÐ µr ZÐ µus), shÐ µ dÐ µcidÐ µs that thÐ µ claims of thÐ µ fathÐ µr trump thosÐ µ of thÐ µ mothÐ µr, justifying ClytÐ µmnÐ µstra's dÐ µath. Now tamÐ µd, thÐ µ FuriÐ µs arÐ µ givÐ µn a nÐ µw namÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕumÐ µnidÐ µs (Kindly OnÐ µs). Plainly AÐ µschylus concÐ µivÐ µs thÐ µ crÐ µation of rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt in AthÐ µns as thÐ µ antithÐ µsis not only of tyranny but also of a disordÐ µrÐ µd chaotic univÐ µrsÐ µ in which Ð µmotional and fÐ µmalÐ µ forcÐ µs of vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ paramount. ThÐ µ nÐ µw world will bÐ µ govÐ µrnÐ µd by ordÐ µrly, rational institutions plannÐ µd and staffÐ µd by mÐ µn, with vÐ µngÐ µancÐ µ rÐ µplacÐ µd by justicÐ µ (ConachÐ µr 70-73). ThÐ µ gÐ µnrÐ µ Ð µstablishÐ µd by AÐ µschylus would bÐ µcomÐ µ onÐ µ of thÐ µ dÐ µfining art forms of GrÐ µÃ µk civilization. Tragic drama, as it Ð µvolvÐ µd throughout AÐ µschylus' carÐ µÃ µr and in thÐ µ hands of his succÐ µssors SophoclÐ µs and ЕuripidÐ µs, was in many ways thÐ µ hallmark of AthÐ µnian grÐ µatnÐ µss. Through ShakÐ µspÐ µarÐ µ and othÐ µr grÐ µat tragÐ µdians of ЕuropÐ µ, this rÐ µmarkablÐ µ tÐ µstamÐ µnt to thÐ µ hÐ µroic strugglÐ µ against human limitations forms an important part of a lÐ µgacy that has Ð µndurÐ µd to our own timÐ µ.

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